Boldon Buke (c.1183 survey of land belonging to the Bishop of Durham, Hugh du Puiset) contalins the following reference: "The land of Swalwell renders 16s. William, son of Arnald, for a clearing of 120 acres, renders one marc". In Hatfield's Survey (c.1382) the vill of Swalwell was held by William Swalwell. The medieval form of the village has been obscured by the industrial works of Ambrose Crowley, and subsequent development, but it seems possible that the medieval vill was near the foot of Coalway Lane.
SITEASS
Visit the site. As the documentary sources are available further research would be profitable.
Site Type: Broad
Settlement
SITEDESC
Boldon Buke (c. 1183 a survey of land belonging to the Bishop of Durham, Hugh du Puiset) : "The land of Swalwell renders 16s. William, son of Arnald, for a clearing of 120 acres, renders one marc". I.e. no reference to a settlement. In Hatfield's Survey (1382) the vill of Swalwell was held by William Swalwell. Bourn recites the descent of the property via Roger Thornton and the Lumleys to the Claverings (C17). The medieval form of the village has been obscured by the industrial works of Ambrose Crowley, and subsequent development. The first grid ref above applies to the centre of the settlement on the 1st ed. OS map. It seems possible that the medieval vill was near the foot of Coalway Lane, at the second grid ref. Dated C14th.
Site Name
Swalwell village
Site Type: Specific
Village
HER Number
696
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 696 >> W. Greenwell, ed. 1852, Boldon Buke, Surtees Society, 25, p. 68
W.G. Greenwell, ed. 1856, Bishop Hatfield's Survey, Surtees Society, 32, p. 93
W. Hutchinson, 1787, History of...Durham, II, pp. 558-60
W. Bourn, 1893, Whickham Parish, pp. 91 et seq.
D.A. Kirby, ed. 1972, Parliamentary Surveys of the Bishopric of Durham, Surtees Society, II, 185, pp. 86, 94, 96, 103
1770, Whickham and Swalwell Low Ground, belonging to Sir James Clavering, BP/3/165 -Gateshead Library Local Studies
1802, of grounds belonging to Sir Thomas Clavering...near Swalwell... B.3.209- Gateshead Library Local Studies
18th century, Rentals and leases Clavering estates, 76.13 -Gateshead Library Local Studies
Dept. Pal. & Dip. Durham, Halmote Court, Addit. maps and plans - (date unknown)of Swalwell and neighbourhood, 118
1st edition Ordnance Survey map, 25 inch scale, Durham VI.2; The Archaeological Practice Ltd., 2017, Brewery Bank Swalwell - Archaeological Evaluation
YEAR1
1992
YEAR2
1996
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Clare Henderson
Crossref
694
DAY1
12
DAY2
24
District
Gateshead
Easting
420694
Grid ref figure
10
Map Sheet
NZ16SE
MAP2
NZ26SW
MONTH1
5
MONTH2
9
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
561385
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Whickham
Description
In Hatfield's Survey (c.1382), under the heading of Whickham, there are four references to coal pits. Robert Hawyk had pits on 10 acres once held by Simon de Bassyngham; Cristiana Nikson pits on 11 acres once held by William Hering; Adam Punder pits on 8 acres called Collierland. All the tenants held 40 acres on the Crossmoor, described as a waste because of coal pits. It is not clear where these pits were.
Site Type: Broad
Coal Mining Site
SITEDESC
In Hatfield's Survey (c. 1382), under the heading of Whickham, there are four references to coal pits. Robert Hawyk had pits on 10 acres once held by Simon de Bassyngham; Cristiana Nikson pits on 11 acres once held by William Hering; Adam Punder pits on 8 acres called Collierland. All the tenants held 40 acres on the Crossmoor, waste because of coal pits. It is not clear where these pits were. For information about coal pits being worked in the mid C17 see source 2. Dated C14th.
Site Name
Whickham, coal pits
Site Type: Specific
Colliery
HER Number
695
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 695 >> W.G. Greenwell, ed. 1856, Bishop Hatfield's Survey, Surtees Society, 32, pp. 96-7
D.A. Kirby, ed. 1972, Parliamentary Surveys of the Bishopric of Durham, Surtees Society, II, 185, pp. 83, 105-6, 132-41
SURVIVAL
0
YEAR1
1992
YEAR2
2020
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Domestic
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
CONDITION
Good
Crossref
693
DAY1
01
DAY2
22
District
Gateshead
Easting
421000
Grid ref figure
6
HEIGHT_OD
114
Map Sheet
NZ26SW
MONTH1
5
MONTH2
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
561300
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Whickham
Description
Boldon Buke (c.1183 survey of land belonging to the Bishop of Durham, Hugh du Puiset) records Whickham as a large and important village, with 35 villeins each with an oxgang of 15 acres, a manor, a mill, and 3 fisheries in the Tyne. At the time of Hatfield's Survey (c.1382) there were 4 free tenants, and about 50 tenants of bondlands, etc. The buildings included over 50 messuages, 8 cottages, a common oven, a kiln, a forge, together with the 3 fisheries in the Tyne. Whickham was the centre of a parish which lay between the Derwent and the Team, and stretched south from the Tyne. Some indication of the form of the village is indicated on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey plan, which shows a square green with 4 rows fronting it, but at either end the village presents an elongated 2-row plan. Some 18th and 19th century houses survive, but there has been a lot of redevelopment on and behind the main street.
SITEASS
Pevsner - "On a hillside close to Gateshead, the centre with a vestige of the village green relatively unspoilt, with several large C18 houses (Hutchinson in 1787 describes them as "modern and beautiful"; beyond it lots of commuters' housing".
Site Type: Broad
Settlement
SITEDESC
Boldon Buke (c. 1183 survey of land belonging to the Bishop of Durham, Hugh du Puiset) records Whickham as a large and important village, with 35 villeins each with an oxgang of 15 acres, a manor, a mill, and 3 fisheries in the Tyne. Temp. Hatfield's Survey (c. 1382) there were 4 free tenants, and c. 50 tenants of bondlands etc. The buildings included 50+ messuages, 8 cottages, a common oven, a kiln, a forge, together with the 3 fisheries in the Tyne. Whickham was the centre of a parish which lay between the Derwent and the Team, and stretched south from the Tyne. Roberts and Austin type 1, "a complex cluster, often of urban status". On 1st ed. OS, there was a square green with 4 rows fronting it, but at either end the village presents an elongated 2-row plan. Some 18th century-19 houses survive, but there has been a lot of redevelopment on and behind the main street. Dated C12th.
Site Name
Whickham village
Site Type: Specific
Village
HER Number
694
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 694 >> W. Greenwell, ed. 1852, Boldon Buke, Surtees Society, 25, pp. 67-8
W. Greenwell, ed. 1856, Bishop Hatfield's Survey, Surtees Society, 32, pp. 93-7
D.A. Kirby, ed. 1972, Parliamentary Surveys of the Bishopric of Durham, Surtees Society, 185, pp. 80-109
W. Hutchinson, 1787, History of...Durham, II, pp. 561-6
R. Surtees, 1820, History of...Durham, II, pp. 237-42
W. Bourn, 1893, Whickham Parish, passim
Dept. Pal. & Dip. Durham, Halmote Court, Enclosure Awards, 1677, Whickham Townfields
Dept. Pal. & Dip. Durham, (date unknown), Estates in Whickham belonging to Sir Henry Clavering, Plan 503, Bundle 2, a
Dept. Pal. & Dip. Durham, Tithe Awards, 1840, Whickham
1st edition Ordnance Survey map, 25 inch scale, Durham VI.2 and 3
SURVIVAL
80-90%
YEAR1
1992
YEAR2
1996
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Religious Ritual and Funerary
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Claire MacRae
CONDITION
Good
Crossref
694
DAY1
11
DAY2
16
District
Gateshead
Easting
420970
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ26SW
MATERIAL
Sandstone
MONTH1
5
MONTH2
5
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
561350
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Whickham
Description
In its earliest recorded form the church consisted of a 4-bay aisled nave with two identical arcades, chancel, west tower with pointed barrel vault, and south porch. It seems to be agreed that the chancel arch (possibly rebuilt) and south arcade are Norman or Transitional, i.e. late 12th century, and the tower 13th century or later. The building has undergone many alterations; there was a restoration by Dobson in 1819, and extensive rebuilding, which included the addition of the north outer aisle, and renewal of most of the windows, by Salvin, between 1860-2. LISTED GRADE 1
SITEASS
Pevsner - priest's door in the chancel probably Norman or Transitional. Rebuilt Norman chancel arch with thick demi-columnar responds with big scalloped capitals (that on left with a demi-rosette decoration) and a slightly double-chamfered arch. Four-bay arcades, on the south original Transitional. The very flat moulded capitals have chunky stylized leaves or sprigs at the corners to support the abaci. One abacus has nailhead ornament. Salvin rebuilt the north arcade and added the north outer aisle and renewed all but the two C13 two-light windows with pointed trefoils in the spandrels which he re-erected at the front end of outer north aisle. Tower with a pointed barrel-vault and plain single-chamfered arch to nave. Chancel decoration 1896 by WS Hicks. Stained glass - of c.1862 two windows by HM Barnett and one by Wailes (RH) - north aisle second from west, late Morris & Co (1936). Monuments several C18 tablets, including three by Jopling of Gateshead to Anne Williamson, 1782, Jacob Clavering, 1792, and John Carr d.1817.
Site Type: Broad
Place of Worship
SITEDESC
1200 first recorded rector- Alan. In its earliest recorded form (1, 2), the church consisted of a 4-bay aisled nave with two identical arcades, chancel, west tower with pointed barrel vault, and south porch (1703). It seems to be agreed that the chancel arch (rebuilt? ) and south arcade are Norman or Transitional, i.e. late C12, and the tower C13 or later. Porch destroyed in the 'Great Storm' 1703. The building has undergone many alterations; there was a restoration by Dobson in 1819, and extensive rebuilding, which included the addition of the north outer aisle, and renewal of most of the windows, by Salvin, 1860-2. 2 13th century cross slabs in south porch and some architectural fragments on Rectory rockery. 12th-13th century Frosterley marble font. One truss of c1500 bell frame survives. Oldest bell dates from 1775. Some 17th century slabs in churchyard. Dated C12th.
Site Name
Church of St. Mary
Site Type: Specific
Parish Church
SITE_STAT
Listed Building Grade I
HER Number
693
Form of Evidence
Extant Building
Sources
<< HER 693 >> W. Hutchinson, 1787, History of...Durham, II, 448-9
R. Surtees, 1820, History of...Durham, II, 240-2
W.H. D. Longstaffe, 1865, Whickham Church, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, VI, 63-66
A.H. Thompson, 1923, Whickham Church,Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 3, X, 283-6
C.H.H. Blair, 1935, The Renaissance Heraldry of the County Palatine of Durham, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4, XII, 79
N. Pevsner in rev. E. Williamson, 1983, County Durham, Buildings of England, 501-2; Ryder, P. 2011, Historic Churches of County Durham, p143-144
SURVIVAL
20-39%
YEAR1
1992
YEAR2
2015
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
Crossref
691
DAY1
01
DAY2
22
District
Gateshead
Easting
423000
Grid ref figure
4
Map Sheet
NZ25NW
MONTH1
5
MONTH2
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
559000
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Farnacres
Description
Farnacres chantry chapel apparently included among its endowments a watermill. "At Chester court, 30th April 1545, the jury presented 'that the priest of Franacres made his foss between the mill-dam and the land of the lord of Ravensworth, beyond the distance to which he was entitled, and had encroached upon the land of the lord'. A fine of 5s 8d was inflicted". The mill is mentioned again in 1605. It is probable that the mill stood on the north bank of the Black Burn, the south boundary of Farnacres.
SITEASS
Bourn noted that a burn ran past the site of the chapel, and suggested that it had powered the mill. This is presumably the Black Burn, the south boundary of Farnacres, and one would suppose the mill was therefore on the north bank.
Site Type: Broad
Power Generation Site
SITEDESC
A watermill was apparently included among its endowments of Farnacres chantry chapel. "At Chester court, 30th April 1545, the jury presented 'that the priest of Franacres made his foss between the mill-dam and the land of the lord of Ravensworth, beyond the distance to which he was entitled, and had encroached upon the land of the lord'. A fine of 5s 8d was inflicted". The mill is mentioned again in 1605. It is probable that the mill stood on the north bank of the Black Burn, the south boundary of Farnacres. Dated C16th.
Site Name
Farnacres mill
Site Type: Specific
Watermill
HER Number
692
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 692 >> R. Surtees, 1820, History of...Durham, II, 243-4
W. Bourn, 1893, Whickham Parish, p. 89
SURVIVAL
0
YEAR1
1992
YEAR2
1996
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
Class
Religious Ritual and Funerary
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
Crossref
689,690,692
DAY1
08
DAY2
22
District
Gateshead
Easting
423940
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ25NW
MONTH1
5
MONTH2
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
559890
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Farnacres
Description
A chantry was founded in Farnacres chapel in 1429 by Sir Robert Umfravill, who endowed it with the whole vill and manor of Farnacres. Two chaplains were to have bed and board constantly under the roof of the chantry, and a set of statutes was provided. Whether a chapel existed before the foundation of the chantry is unknown. In 1439 the hospital of Friarside was united to it; the last appointment of a chaplain occurred in 1538. After the Dissolution it was granted, in 1548, to Alexander Pringell, reverting to the Crown in 1594, and in 1605 Urias Babington died seised of the capital messuage or site of the chantry in trust for the junior Liddell family. It was later reported that, "the chapel stood about one hundred yards to the south of the hall. When the ruins were removed, a number of trees were planted to indicate where the chapel stood. The pedestrian can see them from the carriage drive, in the form of a square". Its site is now close to or under the Western Bypass.
SITEASS
Presumably it resembles the manor in being under either the Trading Estate or the Western Bypass.
Site Type: Broad
Place of Worship
SITEDESC
A chantry was founded in Farnacres chapel in 1429 by Sir Robert Umfravill, who endowed it with the whole vill and manor of Farnacres. Two chaplains were to have bed and board constantly under the roof of the chantry, and a set of statutes was provided. Did a chapel exist before the foundation of the chantry, and why does this event not appear in Bishop Langley's register? In 1439 the hospital of Friarside was united to it; the last appointment of a chaplain occurred in 1538. After the Dissolution it was granted, in 1548, to Alexander Pringell, reverting to the Crown in 1594, and in 1605 Urias Babington died seised of the capital messuage or site of the chantry in trust for the junior Liddell family. "The chapel stood about one hundred yards to the south of the hall. When the ruins were removed, a number of trees were planted to indicate where the chapel stood. The pedestrian can see them from the carriage drive, in the form of a square". Dated C15th.
Site Name
Farnacres chantry chapel
Site Type: Specific
Chantry Chapel
HER Number
691
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 691 >> W. Hutchinson, 1787, History of...Durham, II, pp. 421-2
R. Surtees, 1820, History of...Durham, II, pp. 243-4
J.R. Boyle, 1892, The County of Durham, 593
W. Bourn, 1893, Whickham Parish, 89
YEAR1
1992
YEAR2
1996
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
Class
Domestic
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
Crossref
689,691
DAY1
08
DAY2
03
District
Gateshead
Easting
423900
Grid ref figure
6
HEIGHT_OD
23
Map Sheet
NZ26SW
MONTH1
5
MONTH2
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
560000
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Farnacres
Description
In the antiquarian Surtees' account of the foundation of Farnacres chantry chapel there occurs a single reference to the vill which he lists as part of the chantry's endowments.
Site Type: Broad
Settlement
SITEDESC
In Surtees' account of the foundation of Farnacres chantry chapel there occurs a single reference to the vill which he lists as part of the chantry's endowments. Did it ever really exist? Dated C15th.
Site Name
Farnacres vill
Site Type: Specific
Deserted Settlement
HER Number
690
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 690 >> R. Surtees, 1820, History of...Durham, II, pp. 243-4
YEAR1
1992
YEAR2
1996
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
Class
Agriculture and Subsistence
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
Crossref
690,691
DAY1
06
DAY2
04
District
Gateshead
Easting
423950
Grid ref figure
8
HEIGHT_OD
23
Map Sheet
NZ25NW
MONTH1
5
MONTH2
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
559900
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Farnacres
Description
The earliest reference to the placename is in Boldon Buke (c.1183 survey of land belonging to the Bishop of Durham, Hugh du Puiset), where Eudo de Lucelles is recorded as holding one ploughland of 120 acres for the tenth part of one knight's fee. In Hatfield's Survey (c.1382), where it is listed under Kibblesworth, Robert Umfravill held the manor of Farnacres for foreign service at 2s per annum. In the early 17th century it belonged to a junior branch of the Liddell family, and when they died out it was acquired by the Liddells of Ravensworth who are said to have used it as a dower house. Demolished in the ?1930s for the Team Valley Trading Estate, its site is now close to or under the Western Bypass.
SITEASS
Not a township, but had land attached to it, cf. Hollinside, Fugar House, other isolated farms. Look at the tithe map, and estate map if it can be found.
Site Type: Broad
Manor
SITEDESC
The earliest reference to the placename is in Boldon Buke (1183 survey of land belonging to the Bishop of Durham, Hugh du Puiset), where Eudo de Lucelles is recorded as holding one ploughland of 120 acres for the tenth part of one knight's fee. In Hatfield's Survey (1382), where it is listed under Kibblesworth, Robert Umfravill held the manor of Farnacres for foreign service at 2s p.a. In the early C17 it belonged to a junior branch of the Liddell family, and when they died out it was acquired by the Liddells of Ravensworth who are said to have used it as a dower house. The grid reference is to the site of the "Old Hall", Farnacres, as shown on the OS 1st ed. (surveyed 1857). Note however that Fordyce (1855) describes it as "neat and modern". Demolished in the 1930s for the Team Valley Trading Estate, and its site is now close to or under the Western Bypass.
Site Name
Farnacres manor
Site Type: Specific
Manor
HER Number
689
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 689 >> W. Greenwell, ed. 1852, Boldon Buke, Surtees Society, 25, p. 68
W. Greenwell, ed. 1856, Bishop Hatfield's Survey, Surtees Society, 32, p. 107
W. Hutchinson, 1787, History of...Durham, II, pp. 421-2
R. Surtees, 1820, History of...Durham, II, pp. 243-4
W. Bourn, 1893, Whickham Parish, pp. 88-90
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1905, Misc. 3, I (for 1903-04), p. 172
Gateshead Library Local Studies, Walton Collection C. Walton, 1930
Photo Newcastle Journal, 1933, 10.iii.1933
E. Hughes, 1952, North Country Life in the Eighteenth Century map of Farnacres 1715, opp. p. 154
P. Meadows & E. Waterson, 1993, Lost Houses of County Durham, p 29
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
1992
YEAR2
1996
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
Class
Unassigned
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
CONDITION
Fair
DAY1
28
DAY2
03
District
Gateshead
Easting
421300
Grid ref figure
6
Map Sheet
NZ26SW
MONTH1
4
MONTH2
7
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 26 SW 113
Northing
560200
General Period
PREHISTORIC
Specific Period
Iron Age -800 to 43
Place
Washingwells
Description
Aerial photographs appear to show two straight sides, meeting at a fairly sharp right-angled corner, of a rectilinear enclosure, with possible entrances in each side. There are also other cropmarks in the same field, including two slightly curved linear features, one long and one short, and one quarter circle apparently inside the part enclosure.
SITEASS
This site should be rephotographed in the hope of being able to sort out these various features rather more precisely.
Site Type: Broad
Archaeological Feature
SITEDESC
The APs appear to show two straight sides, meeting at a fairly sharp right- angled corner, of a rectilinear enclosure. One can imagine an entrance in each side. There are, however, other cropmarks in this field, - two slightly curved linear features, one long and one short, and one quarter circle apparently inside the part enclosure. Challis and Harding decided the enclosure was IA.
Site Name
Marshall Lands, rectilinear enclosure
Site Type: Specific
Site
HER Number
688
Form of Evidence
Cropmark
Sources
<< HER 688 >> Aerial Photograph, N. McCord,1970, Marshall Lands, A.069461.13-14, 30.vii.1970 -Museum of Antiquities
Aerial Photograph, N. McCord,1970, Marshall Lands, A.069432.10-13, 29.vii.1970 -Museum of Antiquities
Aerial Photograph, N. McCord,1970, Marshall Lands, A.069486.47-49, 4.viii.1970 -Museum of Antiquities
N. McCord & G. Jobey, 1971, Notes on Air Reconnaissance in Northumberland and Durham, Archaeologia Aeliana, II, 4, XLIX, p. 122
A.J. Challis & D.W. Harding, 1975, Later Prehistory from Trent to Tyne, British Archaeological Report, pt. 2, p. 49
R. Miket, 1984, The Prehistory of Tyne and Wear, p. 38 no. 5, plate 3.2; Clack, P and Haselgrove, S, 1982. Rural Settlements in the Roman North (101)
SURVIVAL
40-59%
YEAR1
1992
YEAR2
1996
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
Class
Unassigned
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
Crossref
643,685,686
DAY1
28
DAY2
03
District
Gateshead
Easting
421900
Grid ref figure
6
Map Sheet
NZ26SW
MONTH1
4
MONTH2
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
560400
General Period
UNCERTAIN
Specific Period
Uncertain
Place
Washingwells
Description
East of the north corner of the fort of Washingwells (HER no. 143) there appears to be the cropmark of a rectangular enclosure, possibly with a smaller one inside, with semi-circular projections off the north side and a circular feature at the south-east corner. A possible alternative interpretation of this is as a colliery spoil heap.
SITEASS
Gateshead MBC is likely to instigate an exploratory excavation by P. Bidwell of this, and the other features here, as part of the reclamation of Stargate Colliery spoil heap. Information is taken off a TWCMS plan; AP source is yet unknown.
Site Type: Broad
Archaeological Feature
SITEDESC
East of the north corner of the fort of Washingwells (SMR 143) there appears to be the cropmark of a rectangular enclosure, possibly with a smaller one inside, with semi-circular projections off the north side and a circular feature at the south-east corner.
Site Name
Washingwells, enclosure
Site Type: Specific
Site
HER Number
687
Form of Evidence
Cropmark
Sources
<< HER 687 >> Tyne and Wear Museums, 1993, Washingwells 1993; Aerial photograph, University of Newcastle, N. McCord, 1970, NZ/2160/AN a/069599/4