In this mile the Wall is supposed to have run from Milecastle 4 (not found) to Milecastle 5 (Quarry House), of which traces were reported by Horsley but which has not been seen in recent times. The curtain wall wasf found in 1952 outside the Mining Institute, Westgate Road. The ditch was located (12 feet deep) in 1929 in the back street west of St. Nicholas Buildings; the north lip in 1951 at the junction of Westgate Road and Collingwood Street; the south lip in 1934 north of the Stephenson Monument in Westgate Road and again in 1929 at the north end of Blandford Street. No remains were found in 1929 in "two trenches 80 yards apart" between the south back of Westgate Road and Summerhill Grove. The positions, though not the complete outlines, of Newcastle Fort and the Westgate Road Milecastle are known, but no turrets have been found. The southern lip of the ditch has been seen on the south side of Westgate Road in 1929, 1995 and 1997, which means that the northern edge should be under the centre of the modern road.

The course of the curtain wall and ditch from Stephen St, across the Ouse Burn, to the top (west end) of Stepney Bank is unknown, in spite of excavations in 1928 east and west of the burn, and in 1989-90 at the foot (east end) of Stepney Bank. West of Stepney Bank the curtain wall has been located in several places: west side Crawhall Road (1981), south of St. Dominic's (1928 & 1981), Gibson Street (1928), Grenville Terrace (1929 & 1978), Jubilee Road (1978), and Garth Heads (1994). On Hutton's map of Newcastle (1770) it was marked by a field boundary. The ditch was located in 1928- 9 at a number of points between the east side of Crawhall Road and the east side of Dean Street (Painter Heugh), via Tower Street and Silver Street. Pottery in the ditch at Painter Heugh (9 feet 6 inches deep) has been used as evidence for the site of Milecastle 4, but excavations east of Dean St in 1973 and 1988, and in lower part of Silver St in 1974, did not provide evidence to support this. The Military Way and Vallum were not located in 1981 excavations south of St. Dominic's. The Military Way was, however, seen by Horsley south of the Wall between St. Dominic's and Sallyport; and it was in existence south of Buxton Street "not long before 1855". A 2.8 metres section of Wall was located under a car showroom at the corner of Melbourne Street/Gibson Street at a depth of 2.3 metres in 2003. Interestingly it measured 2.6 metres wide, which is wider than the accepted width of the narrow Wall in this area. Neither Wall nor ditch were seen during a watching brief at Ouseburn Village Green, Lime Street in July 2003, nor in trial trenching at Byker Farm in 2002. Turret 3a was located beneath the site of the former Norris House on Crawhall Road in 2021. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

Though it is still generally accepted that the Wall ran along the south side of the Fossway and Shields Road, with the ditch and berm under the roads, a number of archaeological explorations have failed to find evidence for it: in 1980 at 260-282 Shields Road; in 1985 at 4-36 Shields Rd; in 1987at 36-78 Shields Rd., and in 1995 on the west side of Stephen St. [However, in 1906 a 7 feet wide wall was reported "in the yard of 105 Shields Road, at a depth of about 9 feet…", ie. On the NORTH side.] No evidence for any turrets has been found in this section. The early antiquarian Stukeley depicted Milecastle 3 but it was not found in 1974 at the traditional site (NZ 264 646). Substantial remains of the Wall were finally located in February 2001 on the site of a new public square outside the swimming baths on the south side of Shields Road. A 29 metres stretch of Wall foundations were revealed, 2.5 metres wide constructed of a rubble core between large edging blocks. It had been built on the site of a native settlement, evidenced by a series of drainage ditches and stakeholes. Three rows of defensive pits (cippi) were revealed between the Wall and the ditch. 49 pits were traced over a distance of 32 metres, each around 79cm x 40cm and 46cm deep. These pits would have originally held entanglements of sharpened branches which would have served the same purpose as barbed wire. To date these pits had only been found along stretches of Wall associated with a fort, such as at Buddle Street, Wallsend. A layer of roughly-squared sandstone blocks bonded with yellow-brown clay was found in a small trial pit excavated inside Nos. 40-42 Shields Road in December 2002 and taken to be the foundation course of Hadrian's Wall. The remains are better preserved and more deeply buried than those found at the public square the previous year. No trace of the monument was found in a pit dug inside No. 8 Shields Road. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

The wall was located in 1928 west of the Grange 53 yards east of Stott's Pow; in 1978 in 2 places between Stott's Road and Finchley Crescent (NZ 292 657); and in 1929 in a sewer trench on the north side of Fossway at its junction with Whinney Field Road, and east of the junction of Fossway and West Farm Road. Unlike the typical Narrow Wall foundation width of 8 feet (2.44 m), the footings at Stott's Road were of Broad Wall gauge, nearly 10 feet wide (3 m). The wal ditch was still visible in 1930, "…called Double Dykes and is occupied by gardens". The Fossway has always been thought to cover it in the western part of this stretch, and upper levels of ditch fill were seen in 1981 in a trench under the south pavement from 174 Fossway to Barret Road. Milecastle 2 was seen by early antiquarians such as Horsley and MacLauchlan though they did not agree on its location, but nothing was found near Tunstall Avenue in 1928. No turrets have been discovered in this Wall mile. A watching brief in 2003 during the installation of a security camera at the junction of Courtfield Road and Vauxhall Road revealed a mixed deposit containing sandstone fragments, possibly representing material associated with Hadrian's Wall or its demolition or robbing. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

Foundations of the wall were located in 1929 in 3 places between the south side of Buddle St (where the 2 surviving courses were bonded with the West gate of Wallsend Fort) and Benton Way, a further piece being exposed in this stretch in 1988. In 1973 a piece was exposed east of the Avenue. In 1929, north of Buddle St and north of Wall, "the south lip of the ditch was located leaving a berm about 20 feet wide". Further west the ditch showed as a "chain of ponds". Remains of the Military Way were found in the form of a metalled surface 17 feet wide, without kerbs, under the so-called tumulus at NZ 2941 6568. No certain locations have been determined for either Milecastle 1 or Turret 0b. Milecastle 1 was located 1443 yards west of the fort, 60 yards west of Stott's Pow, by the surveyor MacLauchlan in the mid-19th century, but no founds were discovered at this site in 1928. Turret 0b is usually located at the Grange, and was apparently found during building in 1886, but may have been destroyed when Stott's Road was extended in 1936. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

Visible in the 18th century, the fort area had become a pit village in the early 19 th century, was built over again at the end of the 19 th century, and was only finally cleared in the 1970s and 1980s. Chance discoveries were made of a well (in 1895) and the East gate (in 1912), and the fort outline was defined in 1929. Total excavation of the surviving internal area (except under Buddle Street) took place between 1975 and 1984, and partial excavation of the south ditches took place in 1991. The fort dates from c. A.D. 125 when the second (narrow) phase of the Wall was built east from Newcastle, and it continued in use to the end of the Roman period. It had 4 double gates and, at the south end at least, 3 ditches. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

The Roman Wall ran from the south-east corner of Wallsend Fort and probably terminated at a quay on the edge of the deep water channel (c. 590 feet long). It was noted by several 18 th and 19 th century historians before it was covered by dumping in the mid-19 th century to reclaim the tidal area. The Wall was cut by the Riverside railway in 1879, and partly removed in 1903 in building the slip for the Mauretania. It was recorded on that occasion as being 7 feet wide at the base, which was made of rough flat stones bedded in clay forming an offset on each face. Above the offsets it was 6.5 feet wide, and 4 courses high on the east face, 6 on the west. In 1929 the wall ditch was located at the north end of this branch wall, beyond a 20 feet wide berm. The Branch Wall was again seen in 1961, about 50 m from the south-east corner of the fort, during construction of the No. 1 berth in the adjacent shipyard.

Hadrian's Wall lay between Wallsend (Tyne and Wear) on the east, Bowness-on- Solway (Cumbria) on the west, c. 73.5 miles. Building began c.122-126; the system was abandoned late C4 / early C5.The first plan was for a stone wall from the lower Tyne to the River Irthing in Cumbria and a turf wall from the Irthing to Bowness-on-Solway. To the north of the Wall was a v-shaped ditch (varies from 7m wide and 3m deep to 2m wide and 800mm deep) with a drainage slot in the bottom. The contents of the ditch were tipped out on to the north side and smoothed out to create a counterscarp bank. The berm - the space between Wall and ditch - has been found at Wallsend, Byker, Throckley and Newcastle to have contained a complex of pits. There were three rows of pits at Byker each holding two stakes. At every Roman mile there was a fortified gate (milecastle) approximately 25m square, with two towers or turrets, approximately 6m square, in-between. The milecastles and turrets extended along the Cumbrian coast for about 20 miles beyond the end of the Wall. During construction of the Wall, it was decided to add a series of forts to the line, spaced about 7 and a third miles apart. Outside the forts there were civilian settlements (vici). The Vallum earthwork, a steep-sided flat bottomed ditch, 6m wide and 3m deep, flanked by two mounds, revetted with turf, each 6m across, was also a later addition to the complex, added to the south side of the Wall. It has not been found between Newcastle and Wallsend. The width of the Stone wall was reduced from 10 Roman feet to 8 feet or less. The eastern end of Hadrian's Wall was at Wallsend, but the presence of narrow Wall rather than broad Wall east of Newcastle, led to the theory that the Wall was only extended to Wallsend later, and that it was originally intended to end at Newcastle. In 2001 Hill argued that the Wall was always meant to end at Wallsend, but that construction only started on this length after the width of the Wall had been narrowed. Bidwell (forthcoming) is of the opinion that the older interpretation is more likely. The Military Way, built of large stones surfaced with gravel, seems to have been added between the Wall and Vallum, when Hadrian's Wall was reoccupied on the abandonment of the Antonine Wall in the late 150s. Roads are known to have connected the turrets and some milecastles to the Military Way. In many areas it runs along the top of the north mound of the Vallum. A track has been recorded at several places behind the Wall (eg. Denton).Hadrian's Wall extended over 73.5 miles between Wallsend (Tyne and Wear) on the east, and Bowness-on-Solway (Cumbria) on the west. Its eastern part consisted of a stone curtain wall with ditch on the north side; forts, milecastles and turrets to accommodate the garrison; an earthwork called the Vallum to the south; and a road, the Military Way, between the curtain wall and the Vallum. An additonal, supply road ran along the south side of the Vallum. A additional feature of the wall complex, recently identified near its southern end, are rows of defensive pits (cippi) between the Wall and the ditch, designed to hold entanglements of sharpened branches to form an additional defensive barrier. To date these pits have been found at Wallsend and in Shields Road, Byker. Building of the Roman Wall began c.122-126 A.D. and the system was abandoned late in the 4th century or early in the 5th century. Forts, milecastles and turrets which have been excavated are numbered individually; details of short stretches of the Wall, ditch, Vallum, Military Way and sites of milecastles and turrets are grouped by Roman mile as defined by English Heritage. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

Two or more possible ring-ditches, visible as crop marks on aerial photographs. These features could be prehistoric OR result from mining OR be a combination of the two.

A probable "linear system" consisting of a possible trackway and parts of 2 enclosures, visible as crop marks on aerial photographs.