English, British
AREA_STAT
Scheduled Monument, Conservation Area
Class
Monument <By Form>
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
101
DAY1
29
District
Newcastle
Easting
425000
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
Civil War
Map Sheet
NZ26SE
MONTH1
10
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
563800
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
Newcastle
SAMNUMBER
32753
Description
During the 1980s restoration of the Castle Keep, a 25lb cannon ball was found. This is on display in the Keep.
Site Type: Broad
Findspot
SITEDESC
During the 1980s restoration of the Castle Keep, a 25lb cannon ball was found. This is on display in the Keep.
Site Name
Castle Garth, cannon ball
Site Type: Specific
Cannon Ball
HER Number
11516
Sources
Notes taken during lecture by John Nolan 4th October 2008 "The Civil Wars on Tyneside as revealed by archaeology" at the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne Symposium 2008, The British Civil Wars in the North East
YEAR1
2008
English, British
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Religious Ritual and Funerary
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
1512
DAY1
29
District
Newcastle
Easting
424850
Grid ref figure
8
HISTORY_TOPIC
Civil War
Map Sheet
NZ26SW
MONTH1
10
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
563660
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
Newcastle
Description
When Hanover Street was built in the 1840s a Civil War breach was found in the town wall and some skeletons.
Site Type: Broad
Burial
SITEDESC
When Hanover Street was built in the 1840s a Civil War breach was found in the town wall and some skeletons.
Site Name
Newcastle town wall, Hanover Street, skeleton
Site Type: Specific
Inhumation
HER Number
11515
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
Notes taken during lecture by John Nolan 4th October 2008 "The Civil Wars on Tyneside as revealed by archaeology" at the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne Symposium 2008, The British Civil Wars in the North East;
YEAR1
2008
English, British
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Monument <By Form>
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
1528
DAY1
29
District
Newcastle
Easting
424400
Grid ref figure
8
HISTORY_TOPIC
Civil War
Map Sheet
NZ26SW
MONTH1
10
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
564050
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
Newcastle
Description
The West Gate was used as a prison in C16 and C17 for troublesome apprentices and as a magazine. During the Civil War all seventeen prisoners escaped down a toilet shaft on ropes. The truncated base of a massive flat-bottomed ditch was recorded during 1991 excavations at the Cannon Cinema site. It was probably over 7m wide and was a new ditch cut to protect the town from the Parliament-supported Scottish army during the Civil War. The earliest fills contained finds of the third quarter of the C17 - sherds of C17 pottery (English slipware, whiteware and Weser), a distinctive sherd of C16 Beauvais double slip sgraffito, 1372 fragments of clay tobacco pipes, window, vessel and bottle glass, 13 pieces of lead shot, two pistol balls, several musket balls and 17 coins. The coins were C17 copper "small change" mostly 1629-79. Twelve of the coins were Scottish 2d coins (turners). One was a 6d Scottish 'Bawbee' of Charles II (1677-9). A lead cap from a charge holder was found (a musketeer carried a belt with usually 12 charge holders or cartridges suspended from it). The area outside the West Gate had been a long running disposal point for rubbish which was then cleared and used to backfill the ditch after the Civil War.
Site Type: Broad
Ditch
SITEDESC
The West Gate was used as a prison in C16 and C17 for troublesome apprentices and as a magazine. During the Civil War all seventeen prisoners escaped down a toilet shaft on ropes. The truncated base of a massive flat-bottomed ditch was recorded during 1991 excavations at the Cannon Cinema site. It was probably over 7m wide and was a new ditch cut to protect the town from the Parliament-supported Scottish army during the Civil War. The earliest fills contained finds of the third quarter of the C17 - sherds of C17 pottery (English slipware, whiteware and Weser), a distinctive sherd of C16 Beauvais double slip sgraffito, 1372 fragments of clay tobacco pipes, window, vessel and bottle glass, 13 pieces of lead shot, two pistol balls, several musket balls and 17 coins. The coins were C17 copper "small change" mostly 1629-79. Twelve of the coins were Scottish 2d coins (turners). One was a 6d Scottish 'Bawbee' of Charles II (1677-9). A lead cap from a charge holder was found (a musketeer carried a belt with usually 12 charge holders or cartridges suspended from it). The area outside the West Gate had been a long running disposal point for rubbish which was then cleared and used to backfill the ditch after the Civil War.
Site Name
Newcastle town wall, West Gate, Civil War finds
Site Type: Specific
Ditch
HER Number
11514
Sources
Notes taken during lecture by John Nolan 4th October 2008 "The Civil Wars on Tyneside as revealed by archaeology" at the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne Symposium 2008, The British Civil Wars in the North East; D.H. Heslop, L. Truman & J.E. Vaughan, 1994, Excavations on Westgate Road, Newcastle, 1991, Archaeologia Aeliana, Series 5, Volume XXII, pp153-184
YEAR1
2008
English, British
AREA_STAT
Scheduled Monument, Conservation Area
Class
Unassigned
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
1514
DAY1
29
District
Newcastle
Easting
424830
Grid ref figure
8
HISTORY_TOPIC
Civil War
Map Sheet
NZ26SW
MONTH1
10
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
563700
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
Newcastle
SAMNUMBER
32763
Description
This stretch of town wall was breached twice in the Civil War - once by mine (on 19th October 1644), once by artillery. A mine crater is visible as a dip on the outer face of the wall. The infilled crater was archaeologically excavated in 1988 and was found to measure 6m x 5m and was ovoid and funnel-shaped. It was visible on both sides of the town wall. It had been backfilled with disturbed midden material containing clay pipe. The hurried repair work comprises a ragged section of joining on the exterior and poor quailty rubble repair on the inner face with earth and clay rather than mortar bonding. The breach by artillery, some 60.7m north of the mine breach has been more substantially rebuilt with a pantiles used to infill the gaps. The construction cut for the rebuild was backfilled with disturbed midden material. Some 30-40 cm of C16 material had built up against the inside wall face of this section of town wall. Above this was a deep midden of homogeneous purple ash containing animal bones and imported tablewares up to 2m deep. This was interpreted as nightsoil and domestic refuse rather than re-deposited material.
Site Type: Broad
Bomb Crater
SITEDESC
This stretch of town wall was breached twice in the Civil War - once by mine (on 19th October 1644), once by artillery. A mine crater is visible as a dip on the outer face of the wall. The infilled crater was archaeologically excavated in 1988 and was found to measure 6m x 5m and was ovoid and funnel-shaped. It was visible on both sides of the town wall. It had been backfilled with disturbed midden material containing clay pipe. The hurried repair work comprises a ragged section of joining on the exterior and poor quality rubble repair on the inner face with earth and clay rather than mortar bonding. The breach by artillery, some 60.7m north of the mine breach has been more substantially rebuilt with a pantiles used to infill the gaps. The construction cut for the rebuild was backfilled with disturbed midden material. Some 30-40 cm of C16 material had built up against the inside wall face of this section of town wall. Above this was a deep midden of homogeneous purple ash containing animal bones and imported tablewares up to 2m deep. This was interpreted as nightsoil and domestic refuse rather than re-deposited material.
Site Name
Newcastle town wall, Orchard Street, Civil War finds
Site Type: Specific
Bomb Crater
HER Number
11513
Form of Evidence
Physical Evidence
Sources
Notes taken during lecture by John Nolan 4th October 2008 "The Civil Wars on Tyneside as revealed by archaeology" at the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne Symposium 2008, The British Civil Wars in the North East; J. Nolan, J. Vaughan, C.P. Dobney, D. Jaques, 1993, The Town Wall...Orchard Street and Croft Street, 1987-89, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5, XXI, 93-149
YEAR1
2008
English, British
AREA_STAT
Scheduled Monument, Conservation Area
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
1511, 6547
DAY1
29
District
Newcastle
Easting
424870
Grid ref figure
8
HISTORY_TOPIC
Civil War
Map Sheet
NZ26SW
MONTH1
10
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
563610
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
Newcastle
SAMNUMBER
32752
Description
Close Gate was damaged in 1644 and was repaired in 1648. There was a guard placed at Close Gate in 1650. Archaeological excavations in 1988-9 recovered coins of Charles I (1625-49), musket balls, clay tobacco pipes stamped 'NW' and two C17 tankards. Areas of burning were recorded.
Site Type: Broad
Town Defences
SITEDESC
Close Gate was damaged in 1644 and was repaired in 1648. There was a guard placed at Close Gate in 1650. Archaeological excavations in 1988-9 recovered coins of Charles I (1625-49), musket balls, clay tobacco pipes stamped 'NW' and two C17 tankards. Areas of burning were recorded.
Site Name
Newcastle town wall, Close Gate, Civil War finds
Site Type: Specific
Town Gate
HER Number
11512
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
Notes taken during lecture by John Nolan 4th October 2008 "The Civil Wars on Tyneside as revealed by archaeology" at the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne Symposium 2008, The British Civil Wars in the North East;
H. Bourne, 1736, History of Newcastle, 11
J. Brand, 1789, History of Newcastle, I, 7 & n.
E. Mackenzie, 1827, Newcastle, 107
M.A. Richardson, 1842, Local Historian's Table Book, Historical Division, II, 398
R. Welford, 1885, History of Newcastle and Gateshead, II, 462
S. Holmes, 1896, The Town Walls of Newcastle upon Tyne, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, XVIII, 11; R. Fraser, 1993, Excavation adjacent to Close Gate, Newcastle, 1988-89
YEAR1
2008
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
1507
DAY1
29
District
Newcastle
Easting
425000
Grid ref figure
4
HISTORY_TOPIC
Civil War
Map Sheet
NZ26SW
MAP2
NZ26SE
MONTH1
10
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
564000
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
Newcastle
Description
In 1638 there was instability between England and Scotland and a perceived threat of invasion by Scotland. Newcastle, as an important coal trading port needed to be defended. Sir Jacob Astley was sent to Newcastle to investigate and found a medieval walled town which had never been tested by artillery. The one-time defensive 19 towers were leased by guilds and the ditch had been filled with rubbish. The dunghill at Castle Garth had caused the curtain wall to collapse. Hills at Westgate, Leazes, Spital Tongues and Pandon overlooked the town walls. Astley placed 14 guns on the town wall towers and more on the gates (except Sandgate). Memoirs of the seige of Newcastle by Lithgow describe the town wall outside face as having been strengthened with earth and the inside face been re-defended. Archaeological excavations at St. Andrews in 1987 recorded midden material of C16-17 date against the town wall and a section of medieval ditch had been recut in the C17. There was also possible evidence of a Civil War breach. According to Sheridan, the section of town wall behind Beales on Gallowgate had earth banked up behind it. The crenellations and merlons in the town wall were infilled leaving firing holes for muskets. The gates were walled up. A child drowned in the water-filled ditch at New Gate - their shoe was recovered in the ditch fill. Musket balls and ceramics from the period 1640 to 1650 have been recovered from the ditch. Heber Tower (HER 1532) had to be reapired after damage in 1644.
Site Type: Broad
Fieldwork
SITEDESC
In 1638 there was instability between England and Scotland and a perceived threat of invasion by Scotland. Newcastle, as an important coal trading port needed to be defended. Sir Jacob Astley was sent to Newcastle to investigate and found a medieval walled town which had never been tested by artillery. The one-time defensive 19 towers were leased by guilds and the ditch had been filled with rubbish. The dunghill at Castle Garth had caused the curtain wall to collapse. Hills at Westgate, Leazes, Spital Tongues and Pandon overlooked the town walls. Astley placed 14 guns on the town wall towers and more on the gates (except Sandgate). Memoirs of the seige of Newcastle by Lithgow describe the town wall outside face as having been strengthened with earth and the inside face been re-defended. Archaeological excavations at St. Andrews in 1987 recorded midden material of C16-17 date against the town wall and a section of medieval ditch had been recut in the C17. There was also possible evidence of a Civil War breach. According to Sheridan, the section of town wall behind Beales on Gallowgate had earth banked up behind it. The crenellations and merlons in the town wall were infilled leaving firing holes for muskets. The gates were walled up. A child drowned in the water-filled ditch at New Gate - their shoe was recovered in the ditch fill. Musket balls and ceramics from the period 1640 to 1650 have been recovered from the ditch. Heber Tower (HER 1532) had to be reapired after damage in 1644.
Site Name
Newcastle town wall, C17 defences
Site Type: Specific
Siegework
SITE_STAT
Scheduled Monument, CA
HER Number
11511
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
Notes taken during lecture by John Nolan 4th October 2008 "The Civil Wars on Tyneside as revealed by archaeology" at the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne Symposium 2008, The British Civil Wars in the North East; << HER 1507 >> J. Brand, 1789, History of Newcastle, I, 1-19
R.E. Hooppell, 1886, The Town Wall of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in Pandon Dene, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, XI, 236-9
S. Holmes, 1896, The Walls of Newcastle upon Tyne, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, XVIII, 1-25
S. Holmes, 1896, The Town Wall of Newcastle, in Gallowgate, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, XVIII, 109-12
P. Brewis, 1934, The West Walls of Newcastle upon Tyne, between Durham and Ever Towers, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4, XI, 1-20
C. Blair, 1937, The Walls of Newcastle..iluustrated...by George Bouchier Richardson, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4, XIV, 123-28
J. Nolan, et al. 1989, The Medieval Town Defences of Newcastle..Excavation and Survey '86-87, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5, XVII, 29-78
J. Nolan, 1993, The Town Wall...Orchard Street and Croft Street, 1987-89, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5, XXI, 93-149
R. Fraser, 1993, Excavation adjacent to Close Gate, Newcastle, 1988-89
R. Fraser, 1993, Excavation on the site of the Mansion House, Newcastle; << HER 1532 >> J. Brand, 1789, History of Newcastle, I, 12
S. Holmes, 1896, The Town Walls of Newcastle upon Tyne, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, XVIII, 14 and pl. v.
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1896, The Herber (Heber or Arbour) Tower, West Walls, Newcastle, 2, VII, 289-293
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1898, Report of the Council for the year 1896, 2, VIII (for 1897-98), 4
P. Brewis, 1910, The Heber Tower, Newcastle,Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 3, IV (for 1909-10), 287
P. Brewis, 1934, The West Walls of Newcastle upon Tyne, Between Durham and Ever Towers, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4, XI, 14-15, pls. i, iv.5, viii.15, ix
YEAR1
2008
English, British
AREA_STAT
Scheduled Monument, Conservation Area
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
101
DAY1
29
District
Newcastle
Easting
425020
Grid ref figure
8
HISTORY_TOPIC
Civil War
Map Sheet
NZ26SE
MONTH1
10
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
563880
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
Newcastle
Description
During the Civil War the dunghill in the Castle Garth was cleared by John Marley to make way for new defences. In 1643 Marley heightened the castle with planking for artillery and a V-shaped stone wall with ashlar face and rubble core and a ditch were hastily added to the castle defences. Archaeological excavation in 1977 found that the wall survived to a height of 2m and had timber lacing through it - perhaps to act as a shock absorber? The rubbish fill of the bastion ditch contained a 9lb cannon ball, C17 domestic (pottery, glass and animal bones) and industrial waste (broken glass vessels from an apothecary and offcuts and scrap from cobblers' and tailors' workshops - wood used for heels and pegs in shoes). 'Pock marks' on the west face of the Keep are thought to be the result of C17 pot shots. The damaged outer face of the Keep has been pieced in with mortar near to the bastion. The temporary seige works were infilled in 1650.
Site Type: Broad
Fortification
SITEDESC
During the Civil War the dunghill in the Castle Garth was cleared by John Marley to make way for new defences. In 1643 Marley heightened the castle with planking for artillery and a V-shaped stone wall with ashlar face and rubble core and a ditch were hastily added to the castle defences. Archaeological excavation in 1977 found that the wall survived to a height of 2m and had timber lacing through it - perhaps to act as a shock absorber? The rubbish fill of the bastion ditch contained a 9lb cannon ball, C17 domestic (pottery, glass and animal bones) and industrial waste (broken glass vessels from an apothecary and offcuts and scrap from cobblers' and tailors' workshops - wood used for heels and pegs in shoes). 'Pock marks' on the west face of the Keep are thought to be the result of C17 pot shots. The damaged outer face of the Keep has been pieced in with mortar near to the bastion. The temporary siege works were infilled in 1650.
Site Name
Castle Garth, Civil War Bastion
Site Type: Specific
Bastion
HER Number
11510
Form of Evidence
Physical Evidence
Sources
M. Ellison and B. Harbottle, 1983, The Excavation of a 17th Century Bastion in the Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Archaeologia Aeliana, Series 5, Vol XI; Notes taken during lecture by John Nolan 4th October 2008 "The Civil Wars on Tyneside as revealed by archaeology" at the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne Symposium 2008, The British Civil Wars in the North East
YEAR1
2008
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
28
District
Newcastle
Easting
419810
Grid ref figure
8
LANDUSE
Recreational Usage
Map Sheet
NZ16NE
MONTH1
10
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 16 NE 146
Northing
565160
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
Second World War 1939 to 1945
Place
Denton Burn
Description
WW2 barrage balloon site. Approximately 22m in diameter. Now school fields.
Site Type: Broad
Anti Aircraft Defence Site
SITEDESC
Second World War barrage balloon site. Approximately 22m in diameter. Now school fields.
Site Name
Denton Burn, Barrage Balloon Site
Site Type: Specific
Barrage Balloon Site
HER Number
11509
Form of Evidence
Levelled Earthwork
Sources
English Heritage, 2008, Hadrian's Wall National Mapping Programme (1438032); Aerial Photograph RAF 3G/TUD/UK/94 5047 29-Mar-1946
YEAR1
2008
English, British
Class
Transport
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
COMP2
Claire MacRae
DAY1
28
DAY2
19
District
Newcastle
Easting
418060
EASTING2
1944
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ16NE
MONTH1
10
MONTH2
3
Grid Reference
NZ
NGR2
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 16 NE 143
Northing
568100
NORTHING2
6943
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Post Medieval 1540 to 1901
Place
North Walbottle
Description
A waggonway of probable Post Medieval date seen as a cropmark and mapped from air photographs. Heads south-west for 1254m towards North Walbottle Colliery (HER 4235) and the Walbottle Wagonway, Coronation Pit Branch (HER 3938). Shown on a map of 1767. Gone by the tithe map of 1847.
Site Type: Broad
Tramway Transport Site
SITEDESC
A waggonway of probable Post Medieval date seen as a cropmark and mapped from air photographs. Heads south-west for 1254m towards North Walbottle Colliery (HER 4235) and the Walbottle Wagonway, Coronation Pit Branch (HER 3938). Shown on a map of 1767. Gone by the tithe map of 1847.A ditch was recorded during an archaeological evaluation in 2013 which followed the projected line of this waggonway.
Site Name
North Walbottle, waggonway
Site Type: Specific
Wagonway
HER Number
11508
Form of Evidence
Cropmark
Sources
English Heritage, 2008, Hadrian's Wall National Mapping Programme (1438020); Aerial Photograph RAF CPE/UK/2352 3132 04-Oct-1947; I. Thompson, 1767, A plan of the Lordship of Newburn belonging to the Duke and Duchess of Northumberland (Woodhorn Sant/Beq/9/1/1/24 and 25); Whorlton Tithe Map, 1847 (Woodhorn NRO DT 509 M); AD Archaeology, 2013, Burnham Avenue, Lemington, Newcastle upon Tyne, archaeological evaluation
YEAR1
2008
YEAR2
2014
English, British
Class
Transport
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
28
District
Newcastle
Easting
415820
EASTING2
1595
Grid ref figure
8
LANDUSE
Built Over
Map Sheet
NZ16NE
MONTH1
10
Grid Reference
NZ
NGR2
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 16 NE 142
Northing
565950
NORTHING2
6616
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Post Medieval 1540 to 1901
Place
Throckley
Description
A short stretch of waggonway of probable Post Medieval date seen as a crop or soil mark on aerial photographs.
Site Type: Broad
Tramway Transport Site
SITEDESC
A short stretch of waggonway of probable Post Medieval date seen as a crop or soil mark on aerial photographs.
Site Name
Throckley, waggonway
Site Type: Specific
Wagonway
HER Number
11507
Form of Evidence
Cropmark
Sources
English Heritage, 2008, Hadrian's Wall National Mapping Programme (1437962); Aerial Photograph RAF 58/2685 155 23-Jan-1959
YEAR1
2008
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