English, British
ADDITINF
N
AREA_STAT
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Class
Monument <By Form>
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
CONDITION
Poor
Crossref
154, 155
DAY1
28
DAY2
22
District
Sunderland
Easting
439160
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35SE
MONTH1
03
MONTH2
01
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 35 SE 9
Northing
554470
General Period
PREHISTORIC
Specific Period
Bronze Age -2,600 to -700
Place
Tunstall
Description
In 1952 an Ordnance Survey field investigator recorded a possible tumulus without a surrounding ditch on top of the southern peak of the Tunstall Hills, "formed of turf-covered stones surmounted by an O.S. trig pillar". Its measurements were given by a later investigator as 15.20 m in diameter and 1.70 m in height. It has been suggested that this site is the same as HER no. 154, but this seems unlikely on the grounds of location.
SITEASS
Though Miket suggests this site is the same as no. 154 this seems unlikely since the latter is described as 6 ft from the base on the N side of the S peak. One must suppose the erection of the trig pillar would damage the mound considerably but a geophysical survey might reveal something.
Site Type: Broad
Cairn
SITEDESC
In 1952 the then O.S. field investigator recorded a possible tumulus "formed of turf-covered stones surmounted by an O.S. trig pillar. There is no surrounding ditch...". Young included it in his inventory - "a small round turf-covered cairn 15.20 m diameter and 1.70 m high". It forms the top of the S peak of the Tunstall Hills.
Site Name
Tunstall Hills, ?tumulus
Site Type: Specific
Cairn
HER Number
156
Form of Evidence
Earthwork
Sources
<< HER 156 >> Ordnance Survey archaeological record card, JHO, 1952, Possible tumulus/cairn NZ35SE9
R.Young, 1980, An Inventory of Barrows in Co. Durham, Transactions Architectural & Archaeological Society Durham & Northumberland, New Series, Vol. 5, p. 12 no. 88
R. Miket, 1984, The Prehistory of Tyne and Wear, p. 71, no. 7.3
SURVIVAL
40-59%
YEAR1
1989
YEAR2
1996
English, British
ADDITINF
N
AREA_STAT
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Class
Religious Ritual and Funerary
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
Crossref
154, 156
DAY1
28
DAY2
13
District
Sunderland
Easting
439100
Grid ref figure
6
Map Sheet
NZ35SE
MONTH1
03
MONTH2
11
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 35 SE 9
Northing
554400
General Period
UNCERTAIN
Specific Period
Uncertain
Place
Tunstall
Description
On the south peak of Tunstall Hill a grave was discovered in 1887 whilst preparing the ground for a bonfire to commemmorate the 50th anniversary of Queen Victoria's reign. The grave had been hewn out of the solid limestone and contained a human skeleton apparently of the Stone Age. This is the only reference to this discovery, and there is no secure evidence for its date.
SITEASS
Nothing specific to this find. In general see under no. 154.
Site Type: Broad
Burial
SITEDESC
"On the same hill [S peak of Tunstall Hill] another grave was accidentally discovered in 1887, whilst preparing the ground for a bonfire to commemmorate the 50th anniversary of Queen Victoria's reign. The grave had been hewn out of the solid limestone and contained a human skeleton apparently of the Stone Age". This is the only reference to this discovery, and there is no evidence for its date.
Site Name
Tunstall Hills, inhumation
Site Type: Specific
Inhumation
HER Number
155
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
<< HER 155 >> W.C. Mitchell, 1919, History of Sunderland, p. 10
R. Miket, 1984, The Prehistory of Tyne and Wear, p. 71, no. 7.2
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
1989
YEAR2
1995
English, British
ADDITINF
N
AREA_STAT
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Class
Religious Ritual and Funerary
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
Crossref
155, 156, 331
DAY1
14
DAY2
13
District
Sunderland
Easting
439180
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35SE
MATERIAL
Limestone
MONTH1
03
MONTH2
11
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 35 SE 9
Northing
554420
General Period
PREHISTORIC
Specific Period
Bronze Age -2,600 to -700
Place
Tunstall
Description
In the Summer of 1814, some workmen discovered on the northern side of the southern peak, about six feet from the base, a covered cist made from limestone flags. It measured about four feet square, and was three feet below the surface. On the floor were deposited the fragments of three pots bearing zigzag decorations, all of them containing a rich dark mould in which were small fragments of bone and some human teeth".
SITEASS
No legal human disturbance taking place on tops, but possibly some erosion - there is exposed rock in places on the S hill. Perhaps some poking by geologists lower down, and litter in bushes typical of the urban fringe. Anthony Harding rejected the idea of a geophysical survey as too difficult.
Site Type: Broad
Cist
SITEDESC
"….in the Summer of 1814, some workmen discovered on the northern side of the Southern Peak, about six feet from the base, a rude sepulchre, formed of common limestones, and covered with the same materials. On the floor were deposited the fragments of three urns of very rude and inelegant form, ornamented with zigzag; and all of then containing a rich dark mould, in which were interspersed small fragments of bone, and some human teeth".(1) Dr Clanny in a letter to Mr. Surtees, added - the "pit, which was about four feet square, and three feet from the surface, had been formed by large pieces of limestone; and upon the bottom of this pit or grave the urns were found... ". (2)
Site Name
Tunstall Hills, cist
Site Type: Specific
Cist
HER Number
154
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
<< HER 154 >> R. Surtees, 1816, The History of Durham, Vol. I, p. 249
E. Mackenzie & M. Ross, 1834, View of the County Palatine of Durham, Vol. I, p. 338
W. Greenwell, 1877, British Barrows p. 440
Transactions Architectectural & Archaeological Society of Durham & Northumberland, 1890, A Prae-historic Cist Burial at Sacriston, Vol. III, p. 184
W. Page, ed. 1905, Early man, Victoria County History, Durham Vol. I, p. 208
R. Miket, 1984, The Prehistory of Tyne and Wear, p. 71, no. 7.1
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
1989
YEAR2
1995
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Domestic
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
CONDITION
Fair
Crossref
178
DAY1
07
DAY2
13
District
S Tyneside
Easting
432000
Grid ref figure
6
HEIGHT_OD
35
Map Sheet
NZ36SW
MONTH1
03
MONTH2
11
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
563700
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Monkton
Description
The first reference to Monkton (Munecatun) dates from 1074-80, when it and the other vills dependent on Jarrow were given by Bishop Walcher to Aldwin and his companions to assist them in the reconstruction of the church of Jarrow. It thus became the property of the prior and convent of Durham (of which Jarrow was a cell), and later the dean and chapter of Durham. In 1539, in addition to five tenants paying the same rent, the communar of Durham and John Hedworth held land in Monkton. In the 17th century at least one Newcastle merchant family had an interest here - in Bede Cottage/Monkton Farm - possibly explaining the rather grand houses which survive on the north side. It is a two-row village, with front gardens and a wide south verge, so perhaps once had a green. Because the surrounding area has been built up only fairly recently Monkton retains at least some evidence of being a rural farming village.
SITEASS
Antiquity of Monkton is confirmed by its street plan and listed buildings. Gap site on N side was carefully filled; W end S side not so.
Site Type: Broad
Settlement
SITEDESC
The first reference to Monkton (Munecatun) is 1074-80, when it and the other vills dependent on Jarrow were given by Bishop Walcher to Aldwin and his companions to assist them in the reconstruction of the church of Jarrow. It thus became the property of the prior and convent of Durham (of which Jarrow was a cell), and later the dean and chapter. In 1539, in addition to 5 tenants paying the same rent, the communar of Durham and John Hedworth held land in Monkton. In C17 at least one Newcastle merchant family had an interest here - in Bede Cottage/Monkton Farm, possibly explaining the rather grand houses which survive on the north side (5 listed Grade II). It is a two-row village, with front gardens and a wide south verge, so perhaps once had a green? Because the surrounding area has been built up only fairly recently Monkton retains at least some evidence of being a rural farming village. Dated C11th.
Site Name
Monkton village
Site Type: Specific
Village
HER Number
152
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 152 >> T. Arnold, ed. 1882, Symeon of Durham, Rolls Series Vol. 1, p. 110
W. Greenwell, ed. 1871, Feodarium Prioratus Dunelmensis, Surtees Society, Vol. 58, pp. lxxxiii, 13, 81, 94, 114, 208, 308
J. Booth, ed. 1886, Durham Halmote Rolls, Surtees Society,Vol. 82, pp. 9, 224 etc.
Prior's Kitchen Durham Church Commission, 1783, Monkton, Wardley amd Hedworth 13642-3
Dept. Pal. & Dip. Durham Tithe Award, 1840, Monkton
Northumberland Records Office- 1650 - ZCE 5/7
R. Surtees, 1820, The History....of Durham, Vol. II, p. 80
K.J.N. Fairless, 1980, Grange Farm - a Cross Passage House, Transactions Architectectural & Archaeological Society of Durham & Northumberland, New series, Vol. 5, pp. 81-9
D.C. Kear, 1984, Bede Cottage and Monkton Farm, Monkton, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5, XII, pp. 181-207
C.M. Fraser, 1955, Gilly-Corn and the Customary of the Convent of Durham, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4, XXXIII, pp. 44, 47n, 51
P.T. Bidwell & E. Dougherty, 1989, Excavation at White Cottages, Monkton: Interim Summary
Medieval Settlement Research Group Annual Report P.T. Bidwell, in N.J. Higham, ed. 1992, Research in 1992, ii Excavations 7, p. 43; NAA, 2010, Monkton Hall, Monkton, Tyne and Wear - archaeological evaluation; NAA, 2009, Land to the east of Barns Close, Monkton, South Tyneside - Archaeological Assessment
SURVIVAL
40-59%
YEAR1
1989
YEAR2
1995
English, British
ADDITINF
N
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Defence
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
Crossref
149
DAY1
02
DAY2
13
District
N Tyneside
Easting
436300
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
Civil War
Map Sheet
NZ36NE
MONTH1
03
MONTH2
11
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
568500
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
North Shields
Description
Before the erection of Clifford's Fort there was a fort of baskets filled with sand and mortar, with a gun placed between each basket. It was positioned on the seaward side of the later Clifford's fort, a little distance from the old Low Light lighthouse, and formed a pair with another on the opposite shore, erected by the Marquis of Newcastle in 1642. There was action at the fort in October, 1644, when the Scots won it, lost it and won it again all in one day.
SITEASS
It is assumed to be covered by the later platform of Clifford's Fort so unless this was removed, or one was very lucky in a small excavation, it is not likely to be found.
Site Type: Broad
Fort
SITEDESC
"Before the erection of Clifford's Fort,...., to the seaward, at a little distance from this light-house (the old Low Light) there was anciently a fort of baskets filled with sand and mortar, with a gun placed between each basket".(1) It was one of a pair, the other on the opposite shore, erected by the Marquis of Newcastle in 1642.(2) There was action at the fort in October, 1644, when the Scots won it, lost it and won it again all in one day.
Site Name
North Shields, small fort
Site Type: Specific
Fort
HER Number
151
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 151 >> J. Brand, 1789, History of Newcastle, Vol. II, p. 331
H.H.E. Craster, 1907, Northumberland County History, VIII, p. 182
YEAR1
1989
YEAR2
1995
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
AREA_HA
0.5
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Defence
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Jennifer Morrison
CONDITION
Fair
Crossref
149
DAY1
02
DAY2
17
District
N Tyneside
Easting
436300
Grid ref figure
6
HEIGHT_OD
3
Map Sheet
NZ36NE
MATERIAL
Ashlar; Brick
MONTH1
03
MONTH2
07
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 36 NE 6
Northing
568500
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
North Shields
SAMNUMBER
44
Description
In 1881 the original Clifford's fort was declared obsolete as a place to mount guns, but suitable as a base for submarine mining. In 1888 therefore it became the HQ of the Tyne Division Royal Engineers (Volunteers) Submarine Miners. Most of the old buildings in the fort were demolished, new ones were erected, the old gun embrasures were blocked up, a narrow gauge railway was laid to a new gate in the south-east angle to move the mines out to a boat, and two guns were mounted on concrete bases to defend the gate. The unit in the fort was changed, or had its name altered, from time to time, e.g. in 1911 it became the Tyne Electrical Engineers R.E., and the fort remained in use until 1928 when the site passed to Tynemouth Corporation for the expansion of the fishery industry. It was briefly reestablished as an Emergency Coast Battery in W.W. 2. Although most of the 19th century buildings have been demolished, the additions & alterations to the perimeter are largely visible. The site is included on English Heritage's Register of Buildings at Risk 2002, listed as being in "poor" condition, being subject to vandalism and masked by badly sited buildings. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT
SITEASS
This site is masked by badly sited fish-processing etc. buildings, and is prone to vandalism. It requires further consolidation and excavation, constant cleaning, regular monitoring of the fabric, proper display and interpretation. Listed on English Heritage's Register of Buildings at Risk 2002. Listed as being in "poor" condition. Priority C. "Curtain wall survives much masked by later buildings, and is in poor condition. Suffering from vandalism and neglect and threatened by unauthorised works" {EH 2002}. Conservation plan has been prepared by North East Civic Trust. First phase of a programme of works to reveal and conserve the artillery defences was completed in March 2003. The buried artillery positions have been re-opened, having been bricked up in the 1880s when the fort was a base for the River Tyne Submarine Engineers (see HER 150). Behind the brick walls in the embrasures, large quantities of pottery waste from the nearby Low Lights Pottery was found. Future repair work will consolidate the remainder of the sea-ward wall. In 2004 the Loaded Mine Stores and Mine Loading Rooms were archaeologically recorded in advance of conversion. In 2005 two trenches were excavated against the inner and outer faces of the Riverside Battery of the Fort. The aim of the first trench was to ascertain the degree of survival of the sunken mining tramway and associated features and to find any evidence of the inner revetment wall of the original Fort. The second trench was positioned to establish the depth and profile of a postulated exterior ditch, and the depth below present ground level of the foundations of the Fort and counterscarp walls. The evaluation established that the original inner revetment still existed, although severely truncated by the construction of the mining tramway or by the construction of a building in 1985. A small section of the concrete gun emplacements were recorded. The counterscarp wall was found to have been rebuilt in the nineteenth century. There was no exterior ditch at this location. Different builds of the Battery wall were exposed. The earliest chamfered masonry may be the possible remains of the C16 Low Light (John Nolan pers. Com) or part of the original casemate of the 1672 Fort. The battery was heightened pre-1707. Monument on the English Heritage Register of Buildings at Risk 2007, priority F - repair scheme in progress and end use or user identified; functionally redundant buildings with new use agreed but not yet implemented. Heritage At Risk 2008, priority F, condition poor. Environmental work has taken place between the fort wall and the units on the seaward side to allow archaeological access. Conservation plan completed early 2003. Consolidation of the fort walls is in progress. Listed on English Heritage's Heritage At Risk Register 2009. Condition: fair. Priority: F. Conservation Plan completed in 2003. Part-funded by English Heritage, a significant amount of consolidation work has been undertaken on the fort walls in 2008 and will continue in 2009. Heritage at Risk 2011: The curtain wall survives but is masked by later buildings.A Conservation Plan was completed in 2003. Part-funded by English Heritage, a significant programme of consolidation work (including interpretation of the fort walls) commenced in 2008 and this scheme will continue until 2012.
Condition: Good
Priority: F Repair scheme in progress and (where applicable) end use or user identified; functionally redundant buildings with new use agreed but not yet implemented. Heritage At Risk 2012: CONDITION: Good, PRIORITY: F Repair scheme in progress and (where applicable) end use or user identified; functionally redundant buildings with new use agreed but not yet implemented No longer on the Heritage At Risk Register
Site Type: Broad
Coastal Defence Site
SITEDESC
In 1881 the original fort was declared obsolete as a place to mount guns, but suitable as a base for submarine mining. In 1888 therefore it became the HQ of the Tyne Division Royal Engineers (Volunteers) Submarine Miners (the Victorian submarine mine was a coast-defence weapon laid in offshore minefields to protect ports and naval bases - controlled and often detonated from the shore by electrical cable). Most of the old buildings in the fort were demolished, new ones were erected, the old gun embrasures were blocked up, a narrow gauge railway was laid to a new gate in the SE angle to move the mines out to a boat, and two 6-pounder guns were mounted on concrete bases to defend this gate and cover the minefield. More ground was enclosed in the NW corner, and WD boundary stones set up to mark the fort's perimeter. The unit in the fort was changed, or had its name altered, from time to time, e.g. in 1911 it became the Tyne Electrical Engineers R.E., and the fort remained in use until 1928 when its site passed to Tynemouth Corporation for the expansion of the fishery industry. It was briefly re-established as an Emergency Coast Battery in WW2 with two 12 pounders gun emplacements. The fort was disguised as a variety of seafront buildings. After the War a single gun - either a 3.7" or mobile twin 6-pounder was placed at Clifford's Fort as an anti-MTB defence. This arrangement was short lived. The last of the Tyne's fixed guns were scrapped in November 1956 prior to the final demise of British Army Coast Defence on 31 December.
Site Name
Clifford's Fort, nineteenth century defences
Site Type: Specific
Submarine Mine Depot
SITE_STAT
Scheduled Monument, Local Authority Guardianship
HER Number
150
Form of Evidence
Ruined Building
Sources
<< HER 150 >> H.A. Adamson, Old Land Marks No. X, Clifford's Fort, Low Lights- North Shields Library Local Studies
O.M. Short et al. 1935, The History of the Tyne Electrical Engineers, Royal Engineers(1884-1933) pp. 5-8
North Shields Library Local Studies, 20th century Clifford's Fort, T25.409.1193
North Shields Library Local Studies - 20th century Clifford's Fort
Tyne and Wear Engineering Department, 1983, Clifford's Fort Conservation Area, New survey 1:200
D.C. Kear, 1986, Clifford's Fort and the Defence of the Tyne, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5, XIV, pp. 99-134
Excavation report, D.C. Kear, 1984, Clifford's Fort Vol. 2, etc.
A.Reed,A.Hill,BKS,M.Preston,B.Harbottle,P.Jubb,D.C.Kear, Clifford's Fort Vol. 2
B. Harbottle, 1987, Clifford's Fort Vol. 3, etc.
D.H. Clarke & A. Rudd, 1989, The Defences of Tyneside - Cliffords Fort, North Shields, Fortress Study Group Conference pp. 5-6
Aerial Photograph, N. McCord, 1972, North Shields Fish Quay 18.iv.1972, A.081649.11-13- Museum of Antiquities University of Newcastle Collection
A. Cantwell & D. Moore, 1993, The Victorian Army and Submarine Mining Fortess, No. 18, pp 32-47
D. Clarke & A. Rudd, 1989, Tyneside in the Breech Loading Era Fortress, No. 3, pp 33-42
North East Civic Trust, 2001, Clifford's Fort, North Shields Conservation Plan; Northern Counties Archaeological Services, 2003, Clifford's Fort, North Shields - Structural Recording and Watching Brief; Northern Counties Archaeological Services, 2004, Structural Recording of Units 7A, 7B, 8A and 8B at Clifford's Fort, North Shields; Northern Archaeological Associates, 2005, Clifford's Fort, North Shields - Archaeological Evaluation; The Archaeological Practice Ltd. 2008, Clifford's Fort, North Shields, North Tyneside, Historic Buildings Recording; Northern Counties Archaeolgical Services, 2004, Structural Recording of Units 7A, 7B, 8A and 8B at Clifford's Fort, North Shields; Northern Counties Archaeolgical Services, 2013, Watching brief and recording during clearance and consolidation of gun embrasures 7-12, Clifford's Fort, North Shields; Northern Counties Archaeological Services, 2013, Clifford's Fort, Recording and Watching Brief
SURVIVAL
20-39%
YEAR1
1989
YEAR2
2008
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
AREA_HA
0.5
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Defence
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Jennifer Morrison
CONDITION
Fair
Crossref
136, 150, 151
DAY1
21
DAY2
17
District
N Tyneside
Easting
436300
Grid ref figure
6
HEIGHT_OD
3
Map Sheet
NZ36NE
MATERIAL
Ashlar; Brick
MONTH1
03
MONTH2
07
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 36 NE 6
Northing
568500
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
North Shields
SAMNUMBER
44
Description
Clifford's Fort was built in 1672, the beginning of the third Dutch War, as a successor to a little fort (c. 1642) of "baskets filled with sand and mortar, with guns placed between the baskets". Designed by Martin Beckman, it was an irregular shape with its long axis north-south. A raised platform, walled and with a three storey redoubt, protected a low riverside gun battery. The surviving west and north walls, of stone rubble beneath brick parapets, with gun ports and musket loops, are probably of this date. The principal later alterations, largely of the 18th century, included several new buildings such as barracks and the master gunner's house. Though falling into increasing disrepair, the fort survived until its next major reconstruction in the late 19th century. The site is included on English Heritage's Register of Buildings at Risk 2002, listed as being in "poor" condition, being subject to vandalism and masked by badly sited buildings. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT AND LISTED GRADE 2*
SITEASS
This site is masked by badly sited fish-processing etc. buildings, and is prone to vandalism. It requires further consolidation and excavation, constant cleaning, regular monitoring of the fabric, proper display and interpretation. Listed on English Heritage's Register of Buildings at Risk 2002. Listed as being in "poor" condition. Priority C. "Curtain wall survives much masked by later buildings, and is in poor condition. Suffering from vandalism and neglect and threatened by unauthorised works" {EH 2002}. Conservation plan has been prepared by North East Civic Trust. First phase of a programme of works to reveal and conserve the artillery defences was completed in March 2003. The buried artillery positions have been re-opened, having been bricked up in the 1880s when the fort was a base for the River Tyne Submarine Engineers (see HER 150). Behind the brick walls in the embrasures, large quantities of pottery waste from the nearby Low Lights Pottery was found. Future repair work will consolidate the remainder of the sea-ward wall. Archaeological evaluation in 2004 established the level of the gun platforms and the partial survival of the north wall of the fort and walls of the central Keep. Evidence for industrial activity, possibly associated with salt panning, pre-dating the construction of the fort. An evaluation in 2005 established that the original inner revetment still existed, although severely truncated by the construction of the mining tramway or by the construction of a building in 1985. Different builds of the Battery wall were exposed. The earliest chamfered masonry may be the possible remains of the C16 Low Light (John Nolan pers. Com) or part of the original casemate of the 1672 Fort. Monument on the English Heritage Register of Buildings at Risk 2007, priority F - repair scheme in progress and end use or user identified; functionally redundant buildings with new use agreed but not yet implemented. Heritage At Risk 2008, priority F, condition poor. Environmental work has taken place between the fort wall and the units on the seaward side to allow archaeological access. Conservation plan completed early 2003. Consolidation of the fort walls is in progress. Listed on English Heritage's Heritage At Risk Register 2009. Condition: fair. Priority: F. Conservation Plan completed in 2003. Part-funded by English Heritage, a significant amount of consolidation work has been undertaken on the fort walls in 2008 and will continue in 2009. Heritage at Risk 2011: The curtain wall survives but is masked by later buildings.A Conservation Plan was completed in 2003. Part-funded by English Heritage, a significant programme of consolidation work (including interpretation of the fort walls) commenced in 2008 and this scheme will continue until 2012.
Condition: Good
Priority: F Repair scheme in progress and (where applicable) end use or user identified; functionally redundant buildings with new use agreed but not yet implemented. Heritage At Risk 2012: CONDITION: Good, PRIORITY: F Repair scheme in progress and (where applicable) end use or user identified; functionally redundant buildings with new use agreed but not yet implemented No longer on Heritage At Risk Register
Site Type: Broad
Fort
SITEDESC
Clifford's Fort was built in 1672, the beginning of the third Anglo-Dutch War (1762-64), as a successor to a little fort (c. 1642) of "baskets filled with sand and mortar, with guns placed between the baskets".(10) Britain and France attacked the Netherlands with the aim of making it an English Protectorate, but the war failed. The Fort was built to protect the mouth of the Tyne from a Dutch attack - which never came. Clifford's Fort is named after Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, King Charles II's Lord High Treasurer. Designed by Martin Beckman, it was an irregular shape with its long axis north-south. A raised platform, walled and with a three storey redoubt, protected a low riverside gun battery. The surviving west and north walls, of stone rubble beneath brick parapets, with gun ports and musket loops, are probably of this date. The principal later alterations, largely of the 18th century, were: 1. The rebuilding of the wall along the E, SE and S sides of the fort with gun embrasures, perhaps in two phases. Much of this battered ashlar survives. 2. Addition of several other buildings, e.g. barracks, master gunner's house. 3. Ditch with counterscarp wall (a fragment survives) on the E and S sides. Though falling into increasing disrepair, the fort nonetheless survived until its next major reconstruction.
Site Name
Clifford's Fort, post medieval defences
Site Type: Specific
Artillery Fort
SITE_STAT
Scheduled Monument, Listed Building Grade II*, Local Authority Guardianship
HER Number
149
Form of Evidence
Ruined Building
Sources
<< HER 149 >> J. Brand, 1789, History of Newcastle, II, opp. P. 36, p. 331
G.B. Richardson, 1840, Northumberland and Durham ZAN M13/713, p. 45- Northumberland Records Office
H.H.E. Craster, 1907, Northumberland County History, VIII, pp. 182, 186-7, 200-01, 274-6
M.A. Richardson, 1843, The Local Historian's Table Book, Historical Division III, p. 200
1851, History of South Shields p. 72
1st edition Ordnance Survey map, 1861, 1:500 scale, nos. 14, 19,
H.A. Adamson, Old Land Marks No. X, Cliffords Fort, Low Lights -North Shields Library Local Studies
R.N.A. Miller, 1930, History of the High and Low Lights at Shields, 1539-1930 Smith's Dock Journal pp. 249-56
Tyne and Wear County Engineering Department, 1983, Clifford's Fort Conservation Area, New Survey, 1:200
D.C. Kear, 1986, Clifford's Fort and the Defence of the Tyne, Excavation report, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5, XIV, pp. 99-134
D.C. Kear, 1984, Clifford's Fort, Excavation report, Vol. 2 etc.
A.H. Reed, A. Hill, BKS, M. Preston, B. Harbottle, etc. 20th century Clifford's Fort Vols. 2 and 3
B. Harbottle, 1987, Clifford's Fort Excavation report, Vol. 3 etc.
Hollar, 18th century, Exact map of the harbour of Newcastle near Tinmouth
1757, Map of North Shields
Hollar, 18th century, Exact map of the harbour of Newcastle near Tinmouth
1757, Map of North Shields
D. Clarke & A. Rudd, 1989, Cliffords Fort, North Shields The Defences of Tyneside, p 5-6
North East Civic Trust, 2001, Clifford's Fort, North Shields Conservation Plan; Northern Counties Archaeological Services, 2003, Clifford's Fort, North Shields - Structural Recording and Watching Brief; Dept. of National Heritage, of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest, 13/155, 15/135 and 15/136; Northern Archaeological Associates, 2005, Clifford's Fort, North Shields - Archaeological Evaluation; North Tyneside Council and Nexus, 2010, North Shields Heritage Trail, board 3 'A nest of vice' and board 9 'Clifford's Fort'; The Archaeological Practice Ltd. 2008, Clifford's Fort, North Shields, North Tyneside, Historic Buildings Recording; Northern Counties Archaeolgical Services, 2004, Structural Recording of Units 7A, 7B, 8A and 8B at Clifford's Fort, North Shields; Northern Counties Archaeolgical Services, 2013, Watching brief and recording during clearance and consolidation of gun embrasures 7-12, Clifford's Fort, North Shields; Northern Counties Archaeological Services, 2013, Clifford's Fort, Recording and Watching Brief
SURVIVAL
40-59%
YEAR1
1989
YEAR2
2008
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
Class
Religious Ritual and Funerary
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
147, 1395, 1396
DAY1
22
DAY2
25
District
Newcastle
Easting
426000
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ26NE
MONTH1
02
MONTH2
04
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 26 NE 16
Northing
565620
General Period
PREHISTORIC
Specific Period
Bronze Age -2,600 to -700
Place
Jesmond
Description
In 1828 Russell Blackbird, owner of Villa Reale, discovered a cist while "trenching some ground for planting". It measured 4 feet x 2 feet x 20 inches deep, and contained the bones of a man and a food vessel. The site, latterly known as Nazareth House, was redeveloped in the 1980s for sheltered housing, but part of the garden remains as informal woodland.
SITEASS
The site has had various names, Sandyford Park, and latterly Nazareth House. Redeveloped in the 1980s for sheltered housing. Part of the garden remains as informal woodland. A watching brief at the adjacent St. Catherine's Convent site in 2005 did not record any archaeological remains.
Site Type: Broad
Cist
SITEDESC
In 1828 Russell Blackbird, owner of Villa Reale, discovered a cist while "trenching some ground for planting". It measured 4 feet x 2 feet x 20 inches deep, and contained the bones of a man and a food vessel.
Site Name
Villa Reale, inhumation
Site Type: Specific
Cist
HER Number
148
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
<< HER 148 >> R. Blackbird, 1832, Account of the Discovery of a Stone Vault and Urn, at Villa Real, Archaeologia Aeliana, 1, II, p. 315 & pl. XI
M.A. Richardson, 1843, The Local Historian's Table Book Historical Division, III, p. 373
J. Sykes, 1866, Local Records, Vol. II, p. 218
F.W. Dendy, 1904, An Account of Jesmond, Archaeologia Aeliana, 3, I pp. 14-15
R. Miket, 1984, The Prehistory of Tyne and Wear, p. 36 no. 2
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
1989
YEAR2
2006
English, British
ADDITINF
N
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Religious Ritual and Funerary
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
Crossref
148, 360, 361
DAY1
21
DAY2
06
District
Newcastle
Easting
425370
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ26NE
MONTH1
02
MONTH2
11
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 26 NE 12
Northing
567510
General Period
PREHISTORIC
Specific Period
Bronze Age -2,600 to -700
Place
Jesmond
Description
In 1844, while levelling the ground in the garden of Crag Hall, Mr. C.M. Adamson's gardener found two cists, beneath stone lids, set 8 foot 3 inches apart. In the cists were four food vessels "containing bones and fine earth". One cist measured 2 feet 4 inches by 1 foot 8 inches; the other 2 feet by 1 foot 7 inches.
Site Type: Broad
Cist
SITEDESC
In 1844, while levelling the ground in the garden of Crag Hall, Mr. C.M. Adamson's gardener found 2 cists, beneath stone lids, set 8 ft 3 in apart. In the cists were 4 food vessels "containing bones and fine earth". One cist measured 2 ft 4 in by 1 ft 8 in, the other 2 ft by 1 ft 7 in.
Site Name
Jesmond, two cists from Crag Hall
Site Type: Specific
Cist
HER Number
147
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
<< HER 147 >> J. Bell, Black Gate Society of Antiquaries -album
F.W. Dendy, 1904, An Account of Jesmond, Archaeologia Aeliana, 3, I, pp. 15-16
M.H. Dodds,1930, Northumberland County History, XIII, pp. 11-12
R. Miket, 1984, The Prehistory of Tyne and Wear, p. 36, no. 1
SURVIVAL
40-59%
YEAR1
1989
YEAR2
1995
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Water Supply and Drainage
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
CONDITION
Good
Crossref
144, 145
DAY1
17
DAY2
06
District
Newcastle
Easting
425850
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ26NE
MATERIAL
Sandstone
MONTH1
02
MONTH2
11
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 26 NE 15
Northing
566510
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
Jesmond
SAMNUMBER
32046
Description
The first reference to the well is 18th century and it seems likelly that it originated in the post-medieval period rather than as a medieval holy well, as has also been suggested. It was acquired by the City Corporation in 1932 and partially excavated; in 1982 it was fully excavated, as far as was physically possible, prior to a comprehensive restoration. The excavation established that the well was originally built with a millstone at the bottom and stone flagging in front. Later it was converted to a bathing pool and by the late 19th century it had assumed its present appearance, with retaining walls on either side of a flight of steps down to a covered well with front access. It is situated in a small fenced enclosure on the north side of the Grove. The stonehead had an inscription saying "Ave Maria Gratia Plena" (Hail Mary full of grace) but only the "Gratia" remains. It used to be a warm spring, with a cloud of vapour issuing from it in cold weather. Its reputation for miraculous cures still remains. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT AND LISTED GRADE 2
SITEASS
Stonework is secure, but as a feature the well is pretty boring. Needs regular tidying in the late autumn/early winter to get rid of dead leaves etc., and perhaps more imaginative planting round about.
Site Type: Broad
Water Storage Site
SITEDESC
Since (6) established a post-medieval date for the structure, and the first reference is 18th century(1), there is no reason to suppose this was a medieval holy well. It was acquired by the Corporation in 1932, but it is not known how much of their proposed excavation was carried out at that time. In 1982 it was fully excavated, as far as was physically possible, prior to a comprehensive restoration. The recent excavation established four structural phases: 1. Well with millstone at bottom, flagging in front. 2. In early 18th century owner built a bathing pool, 2.82 m wide x 1.22 m deep, with stone sides, slate bottom, steps down. 3. In early 19th century this was demolished and well rebuilt with hinged door. 4. By late 19th century it had assumed its present appearance, with retaining walls on either side of a flight of steps down to a covered well with front access. It is situated in a small fenced enclosure on the north side of the Grove. The stonehead had an inscription saying "Ave Maria Gratia Plena" (Hail Mary full of grace) but only the "Gratia" remains. It used to be a warm spring, with a cloud of vapour issuing from it in cold weather. Its reputation for miraculous cures still remains as people still fill small bottles with water today.
Site Name
St. Mary's Well
Site Type: Specific
Well
SITE_STAT
Scheduled Monument, Listed Building Grade II, Local Authority Guardianship
HER Number
146
Form of Evidence
Structure
Sources
<< HER 146 >> H. Bourne, 1736, History of Newcastle p. 82
J. Sykes, 1866, Local Records, Vol. I, p. 49
F.W. Dendy, 1904, An Account of Jesmond, Archaeologia Aeliana, 3, I, pp. 142-3
P. Brewis, 1928, St. Mary's Chapel, and the site of St. Mary's Well, Jesmond, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4, V, pp. 107-111
M.H. Dodds,1930, Northumberland County History, XIII, pp. 303, 305
R. Fraser, 1983, St. Mary's Well, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, Excavation report, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5, XI, pp. 289-300; Gordon Rutter, 2009, Paranormal Newcastle
SURVIVAL
40-59%
YEAR1
1989
YEAR2
1995