English, British
ADDITINF
Y
Class
Domestic
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
DAY1
22
DAY2
30
District
N Tyneside
Easting
431600
Grid ref figure
6
HEIGHT_OD
50
Map Sheet
NZ36NW
MAP2
NZ3167
MONTH1
04
MONTH2
10
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
567700
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Willington
Description
First mentioned in 1072 when it formed part of Bishop Walcher's gift to the priory of Durham. A mill is recorded in 1299, and a windmill also noted in 1438-9 & 1464. In 1536-7 there was a waste water mill and a salt pan. In 1539 8 tenants paid the identical rent of 33s 4d each, + 3s 4d for the salt pan. Eight farms are also mentioned in 1585, but by 1839 there were 6 farms of very unequal size of which 3 were outside the village, which consisted of West (Willington) Farm, the smithy, and Middle (Willington) Farm on the south side of the green, and Willington Farm on the north side. Originally it was a 2-row green village of oval outline, with the green located around the present cul-de-sac, Engine Inn Road.
SITEASS
Engine Inn Road, through the one-time green, is stilla cul-de-sac at its west end, and still retains the kink towards its east end. S side of the road is now occupied by post-war houses. N side has been raised for playing fields. Opportunities for excavation nil at present time.
Site Type: Broad
Settlement
SITEDESC
Originally a 2-row green village of oval outline (13). Green approximately indicated by Engine Inn Road. Earliest reference apparently 1072 when it formed part of Bishop Walcher's gift to the priory of Durham (8). This gift was confirmed temp. Henry II (8). Mill recorded in 1299 (11). Windmill, waste, noted in 1438-9 (10) and 1464 (8); in 1536-7 there was a waste water mill, and a salt pan (12). In 1539 8 tenants paid the identical rent of 33s 4d each, + 3s 4d from a ninth for salt pan (8). Retained by king after Dissolution, and let on short leases to the end of C16. In 1585 the copyhold tenure became leasehold, and the 8 farms were leased for 3 lives (14). By 1839 (3) there were 6 farms of very unequal size of which 3 were outside the village, which then or in mid-century consisted of West (Willington) Farm, the smithy, and Middle (Willington) Farm on S side of green; Willington Farm (Willington Stables?) on N side. By the 1920s several of the farm buildings had been demolished (13). Dated C11th.
Site Name
Willington village
Site Type: Specific
Shrunken Village
HER Number
104
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 104 >> W. Brown, C188?, Plans of Collieries, M17 197A no. 62 -Northumberland Records Office
1818, Particulars of sale of freehold estate no. 3, Tithe map, 530 18 6 -Northumberland Records Office
Tithe Award, 1839, Willington, DT 511 M- Northumberland Records Office
Willington Estate, 438 F 1-12 -Northumberland Records Office
Map Ordnance Survey maps - 1859 - 1st ed. 25 = 1 mile Northumberland LXXXIV.14 -Northumberland Records Office
Ordnance Survey maps, 1897, 2nd ed., 25 = 1 mile
Ordnance Survey maps, 1918, 3rd ed., 25 = 1 mile
W. Greenwell,1871, Feodarium Prioratus Dunelmensis, Surtees Society, 58, passim
W.H.D. Longstaffe, J. Booth, eds. 1886, Durham Halmote Rolls, Surtees Society, 82, p. 208
Canon Fowler, ed. 1898, Durham Account Rolls, Surtees Society, 99, p. 63
Canon Fowler, ed. 1898, Durham Account Rolls, Surtees Society, 100, p. 500
Canon Fowler, ed. 1900, Durham Account Rolls, Surtees Society, 103, p. 668
W. Richardson, 1923, History of the Parish of Wallsend, 33-43, 212-13
M.H. Dodds, ed. 1930, Northumberland County History, XIII, 471-7; Alan Williams Archaeology, 2012, Former Engine Inn PH, Engine Inn Road, Willington, North Tyneside
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
1988
YEAR2
1995
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
AREA_HA
5.5
Class
Domestic
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Claire MacRae
CONDITION
Poor
DAY1
25
DAY2
15
District
Sunderland
Easting
439100
Grid ref figure
6
HEIGHT_OD
98
Map Sheet
NZ35SE
MAP2
NZ3953
MONTH1
04
MONTH2
05
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
553400
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Tunstall
Description
First mentioned in 1183, in c.1382 there were 13 named tenants, 14 messuages, 1 cottage, a windmill and a common oven. Probably in the late 16th century the township was divided in two, - one half being held by 1 tenant, the other half, with 3 tenants, remaining undivided. Enclosure was completed in 1671 when the village consisted of 6 sets of farm buildings plus 10 cottages (most on the north side of the green), and had a windmill, a common well (in Ox pasture), lime kilns and limestone quarries. Originally a 2-row green village of oval outline, with a back lane along the north side, by the 17th century it had shrunk to little more than the north row, the south row being largely empty and described as "old walls". In 1856 the village seems to have consisted of just 4 farms and a smithy. Whellan's trade directory (1856) lists Tunstall as containing 8701 acres and with a rateable value of £1221. in 1801 it contained 53 inhabitants; in 1811, 50; in 1821, 64; in 1831, 75; in 1841, 64; and in 1851, 70 inhabitants. Inhabitants in 1856 included Robert Craggs (blacksmith) and John Gregson Huntley a potato dealer who lived at Tunstall Hill farm. All the lands in the township in 1856 were held by lease under the see of Durham; the principal lease holders are William Dawson, Esq., Edward Dale, Esq., John Gregson, Esq., J.M.Ogden, Esq., and Thomas Benson, Esq (Whelan). An evaluation on Paddock Lane in 2013 revealed heavily disturbed deposits and modern brick.
SITEASS
The oval outline was apparent until the S side of the green was wholly redeveloped. Still surviving - the green, the back lane on the N side, and a few C19 farm buildings among others on N side. Extreme NW corner is open and reused - possible site for excavation?
Site Type: Broad
Settlement
SITEDESC
Originally a 2-row green village, Roberts type 4, of oval outline, with back lane along the N side. Perhaps a C12 foundation. By the C17 at the latest it had shrunk to little more than the N row, the S row being largely empty and described as "old walls". Earliest reference 1183 (1). In c. 1382 (2) there were 13 named tenants, 14 messuages, 1 cottage, a windmill and a common oven. Probably in the late C16 the township was divided in 2, - one half being held by 1 tenant, the other half, with 3 tenants, remaining undivided (6). Enclosure was completed in 1671 (4,5). The village then consisted of 6 sets of farm buildings (4 with houses), plus 10 cottages (most on the N side of the green), and it had a windmill, a common well (in Ox pasture), lime kilns (to the N), limestone quarries (to the W). By 1830 (8) 2 of the tenants had houses outside Tunstall to the N. In 1856 (10) the village seems to have consisted of just 4 farms and a smithy. Whellan's trade directory (1856) lists Tunstall as containing 8701 acres and with a rateable value of £1221. in 1801 it contained 53 inhabitants; in 1811, 50; in 1821, 64; in 1831, 75; in 1841, 64; and in 1851, 70 inhabitants. Inhabitants in 1856 included Robert Craggs (blacksmith) and John Gregson Huntley a potato dealer who lived at Tunstall Hill farm. All the lands in the township in 1856 were held by lease under the see of Durham; the principal lease holders are William Dawson, Esq., Edward Dale, Esq., John Gregson, Esq., J.M.Ogden, Esq., and Thomas Benson, Esq (Whelan). An evaluation on Paddock Lane in 2013 revealed heavily disturbed deposits and modern brick. Dated C12th.
Site Name
Tunstall village
Site Type: Specific
Village
HER Number
103
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 103 >> W. Greenwell, ed. 1852, Boldon Buke, Surtees Society, 25, p. 46
W. Greenwell, ed. 1856, Bishop Hatfield's Survey, Surtees Society, 32, pp. 135-6
D.A. Kirby, ed. 1972, Parliamentary Surveys of the Bishopric of Durham II, Surtees Society, 185, pp. 154-5
Durham University Archives & Special Collection Chancery Decree Awards, 1671 - 52 or 54
Durham Records Office Entry Books of Decrees and Orders, Durham, 4, 1672 Enclosure award Vol. 3, 70-83.
W. Hutchinson, 1785, History of Durham II, pp. 645, 678-9n.
R. Surtees, 1816, History of Durham I, pp. 249-51
Durham University Archives & Special Collection, 1830, Plan of Tunstall with terrier Plan 518, Bundle 4, 7404.
Durham University Archives & Special Collection- Tithe Plans, 1840, Tunstall
Durham University Archives & Special Collection-Ordnance Survey maps,1856, 1st ed 25
M. Laverick, 1912, Tunstall, Antiquities of Sunderland, XI, pp. 37-52; Archaeological Research Services Ltd, 2014, An Archaeological Evaluation at Tunstall Village Green, Paddock Lane, Tunstall, Sunderland; Whellan, W, 1856, History, Topography and Directory of the County Palatine of Durham
SURVIVAL
40-59%
YEAR1
1988
YEAR2
2014
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Religious Ritual and Funerary
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
CONDITION
Poor
DAY1
21
DAY2
30
District
N Tyneside
Easting
437330
Grid ref figure
8
HEIGHT_OD
30
Map Sheet
NZ36NE
MATERIAL
Sandstone
MONTH1
03
MONTH2
10
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 36 NE 44
Northing
569370
General Period
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Early Medieval 410 to 1066
Place
Tynemouth
Description
An incomplete cross-shaft of sandstone, 193 cm high, 45.7 to 30.5 cm wide and 30.5 to 22.9 cm deep, very worn and broken. Decoration includes a hunting scene with various animals. The cross is supposed to have stood originally north-west of Tynemouth on the ancient road to the priory close to Monk House Farm. Having been moved twice by the farmer, it was given in 1935 by the Duke of Northumberland to the Office of Works, and re-erected in Tynemouth Priory, its present location.
Site Type: Broad
Cross
SITEDESC
Incomplete cross-shaft of sandstone, very worn and broken, the significant section missing. Height 193 cm, width 45.7 to 30.5 cm, depth 30.5 to 22.9 cm. Plain, broken, socket may be original. Description depends on (2). West: 2 panels, a hunting scene below 3 animals. South: 2 panels, 2 animals on interlace background below 3 pairs of beasts. East: wiry inhabited tree-scroll. North: 2 panels, complete pattern F below 7 registers of double-stranded simple pattern E. It is supposed to have stood originally north-west of Tynemouth on the ancient road to the priory close to Monk House Farm. It was moved twice by the farmer, (in the C19?), the later site being just east of the farm at NZ 3586 7015, now the north side of Beach Road. In 1935 the Duke of Northumberland gave it to the Office of Works, and it was re-erected in Tynemouth Priory, its present location. Dated C9th.
Site Name
Tynemouth Priory, the Monk's Stone
Site Type: Specific
Boundary Cross
HER Number
102
Form of Evidence
Structure
Sources
<< HER 102 >> F. Grose, 1784, Antiquities of England and Wales, IV, 127-8, 147-8, pl. facing 127
J. Stuart, 1867, Sculptured Stones of Scotland, II, 42-3, pls. lxxxiii-iv
S.S. Carr, 1904, The Early Monumental Remains of Tynemouth, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, XXV, 121-4, pl. 6.
Northumberland County History, 1907, VIII, 131-3, figs.
R. Cramp, 1984, Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture in England, I, 226, pls. 221-5
W.S. Gibson, 1846, The History of the Monastery at Tynemouth, I, 38n
SURVIVAL
40-59%
YEAR1
1988
YEAR2
1995
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
AREA_HA
0.72
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Defence
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Jennifer Morrison
CONDITION
Good
DAY1
14
DAY2
02
District
Newcastle
Easting
425040
Grid ref figure
8
HEIGHT_OD
28
Map Sheet
NZ26SE
MAP2
NZ2563
MATERIAL
Sandstone
MONTH1
03
MONTH2
11
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 26 SE 173
Northing
563870
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Newcastle
SAMNUMBER
32753
Description
A triangular-shaped fortification with steep slopes to east and south. Originally a largely earth and timber castle of the 11th century, refortified in stone in the 12th and 13th centuries. The keep, south postern and remains of the north gate represent the first phase of this refortification; with phase 2, perhaps in the early 13th century, represented by stretches of curtain wall on the south side and at the north end. In the mid-13th century the north entrance was strengthened by the addition of the Black Gate. The castle hall against the east curtain wall probably also dated from this period. Today there are no visible remains of the west curtain wall (under the road), or of the east curtain wall south of the railway and the half moon battery (both beneath County Hall and the Moot Hall). SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT AND LISTED GRADE 1. In 1305 William Wallace was executed in London and his body parts put on display in various towns across England. His right arm was displayed on the bridge at Newcastle and a number of internal organs on the walls of the Keep. In 1323 Andrew de Harcla, first Earl of Carlisle was executed for treason and one of his quarters placed on the castle walls. In 1415 a quarter of Harry Hotspur was placed there after his execution for the Percy family's part in the rebellion against Henry IV. On 7 December 1733 a local showman claimed that he would fly from the top of the Keep. In the end he lost his nerve and instead he pushed his donkey off the edge wearing his 'wings'. The donkey survived the 100 feet fall because it landed on an onlooker {Kirkup 2009}
SITEASS
Important multi-period site C2-C17. Good late C12 keep and postern; remains of C12 north gate and lower part of C13 Black Gate show layout of early turning bridges of two periods. Considerable archaeological potential in areas as yet undug, viz. remaining railway arches, Castle Garth, Moot Hall ya
Site Type: Broad
Castle
SITEDESC
Triangular enceinte with steep slopes to E and S. A largely earth and timber castle of the C11, of which a large ditch and small stone tower were retained, was refortified in stone in C12-13. The keep, south postern with wing wall to W and remains of N gate represent phase 1; in phase 2, perhaps early C13, were added stretches of curtain wall on S side and at N end. In mid C13 north entrance was strengthened by the addition of the Black Gate, 2 D-shaped towers flanking a vaulted passage with 1+ storeys over and an improved turning bridge under. The castle hall against the E curtain probably also dated from this period. Today there are no visible remains of the W curtain, (under the road), of the E curtain S of the railway and the half moon battery (both beneath County Hall and the Moot Hall). Castle Keep. 1168-78. Roof and battlements added c.1811 by Newcastle Corporation. Restored c.1848 for Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle. Sandstone with ashlar dressings. Square tower of 3 floors. Principal entrance an external stair on east leading to moulded arch of Great Hall. Ground floor 'garrison room' (used for storage and only accessible by spiral staircase from above) has central column from which spring 8 ribs. Ground-floor chapel beneath external stair has chevron-moulded ribs and arches. Unusually the original access to the chapel was from outside the Keep. First floor has 'Queen's Chamber' opening from north of main room; 'King's Chamber' opens from south of Great Hall. Room to north of Great Hall containing a well some 30m deep. Spiral stair in south-east corner. A scheduled ancient monument. A tower-keep. The principal defensive structure of the Castle and the dwelling of the commander of the garrison. Given the height of the Great Hall and its surrounding galleries, this room was evidently intended to hold administrative and ceremonial events. The neighbouring smaller spaces with fireplaces, provided for withdrawing or for use as a solar. Link with Dover Castle - Maurice the Engineer was present at both sites. He was at Newcastle in 1174-5, when he was paid as a mason. He was at Dover 1181-2. Both Newcastle and Dover towers were about 25.30m high, but Dover is larger in plan. Both had a well shaft from basement to second floor. Both have the roof system enclosed within a gallery storey. Both Newcastle and Dover were accessed at second floor level via a forebuilding (first floor access is the norm). Both castles were built for royal accommodation, which could have been used for the reception of royal guests. Henry II spent £21,000 on 90 castles, but over two-thirds of the money was spent on Dover, Newcastle, Nottingham, Orford, Scarborough, Winchester and Windsor. The Keep was used as a gaol - in 1777 John Howard, a reformer, noted that men and women prisoners were kept together in the dungeon which was inches deep in water. The prisoners were chained to the walls. Dated C12-13th.
Site Name
Castle Garth, The Keep
Site Type: Specific
Castle
SITE_STAT
Scheduled Monument, Listed Building Grade I, Local Authority Guardianship
HER Number
101
Form of Evidence
Extant Building
Sources
<< HER 101 >> H. Bourne, 1736, Newcastle
F. Grose, 1783, Antiquities of England and Wales, IV, 63-69
J. Brand, 1789, Newcastle I, 143-77
W. Scott, 1814, The Border Antiquities, I, 4-10
Society of Antiquaries of London, 1835, Vetusta Monumenta, V, plates X-XVIII
Newcastle Library Local Studies- John Bell Collection
Illustration Northumberland Records Office- 1844 - ZAN M13 E16
J. Collingwood Bruce, 1847, Black Gate
J. Ventress, 1848, The Castle of Newcastle upon Tyne, a scrapbook
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1857, Black Gate 1, I, 40-1, 43, 57-9, 69, 90, 171, 173, 192-3, 233
W.H.D. Longstaffe, 1860, The New Castle upon Tyne, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, IV, 45-139
Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1883, Remnants of Old Newcastle-upon-Tyne II
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1884, Black Gate 2, I, 3-4, 19, 25, 39-40, 44, 62-3, 90-1, 97, 193-4, 360
W.H. Knowles & J.R. Boyle, 1890, Vestiges of Old Newcastle and Gateshead, 40-85
G. Irving, 1895, Curtain by Dog Leap Stairs Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 2, VI, 73
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1899, Repairs to keep, 2, VIII, 94
C.J. Bates, 1901, Castle, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 2, IX, 115-30
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1902, SW corner of bailey, 2, X, 136
J. Ventress, 1902, Curtain by Dog Leap Stairs, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 2, X, 169-70
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1904, Illustration, Doorway in wall on west side of Castle Garth, 3, I, 36-7
R.O. Heslop, 1904,...structural features of the...keep, of the castle of Newcastle... Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, XXV, 91-105
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1906, Repairs to Black Gate, 3, II, 196, 227-8
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1906, Black Gate, 3, II, 19, 225
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1906, Castle, 3, II, 258-9
Excavation report, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1906, Castle hall 3, II, 333
W.H. Knowles, 1906, Heron Pit etc. Excavation report, Archaeologia Aeliana, 3, II, xii, xxiv-xxvi
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1908, Castle hall 3, III, 34
Archaeologia Aeliana, 1908, Black Gate, 3, IV, xvii
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1910, Doc. Refs. for repairs to castle 1336-94 3, IV, 177-9
Archaeologia Aeliana, 1911, Repairs to keep, 3, VII, xv-xvi
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1912, Misc. docs. 3, V, 42-3
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1912, Repairs to keep ,3, V, 151
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1916, Keep 3, VII, 25-6
P. Brewis, 1916, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, Castle, 3, VII, 116-8
J. Bell, 1916, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, Repairs to keep, 1848, 3, VII, 239
J. Bell, 1918, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, Repairs to keep, 1848, 3, VIII, 79-80, 82-4
Excavation report, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1920, Well in keep, 3, IX, 262-4
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1920, Visit of 1829, 3, IX, 300
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1922, Visit of 1829, 3, X, 12
W.H. Knowles, 1926, The Castle, Newcastle upon Tyne, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4, II, 1-51
North of England Excavation Committee, 1928, South curtain wall, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 4, III, 243-4
H.L. Honeyman, 1930, A Neglected Relic, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 4, IV, 41-3
North of England Excavation Committee, 1930, Medieval bronze pattern, 3, 3-4 -Archaeology Library Newcastle University
North of England Excavation Committee, 1932, East curtain wall 4, 8-9 -Archaeolgy Library Newcastle University
J. Charlton, 1932, Excavations near the Moot Hall in 1931,Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 4, V, 228-33
R.A. Brown, H.M. Colvin & A.J. Taylor, 1963, The History of the King's Works -
B. Harbottle, 1966, Excavations at the South Curtain Wall of the Castle,...1960, -61, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4, XLIV, 79-145
B. Harbottle, 1974, Excavation and Survey in Newcastle upon Tyne 1972-1973, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5, II, 57-89
B. Harbottle, 1977, The Castle of Newcastle upon Tyne 01-Aug
B. Harbottle, & M. Ellison, 1981, An Excavation in the Castle Ditch, Newcastle upon Tyne 1974-76, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5, IX, 75-250
Chateau-Gaillard & B. Harbottle, 1982, The castle of Newcastle upon Tyne, IX-X, 407-18
B. Harbottle, M. Ellison, J. Nolan, Excavation report, misc.
Photo, Newcastle Library Local Studies, The castle of Newcastle upon Tyne, keep, Black Gate
R. Fraser, 1981, Excavation report, Garrison room in keep
L. Donel, 1983, Excavation report, Chapel in keep
J. Gibson, 1884, Masons' Marks from the Castle of Newcastle, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 2, I, 119-20 and pl.
C.H.H. Blair, 1944, The Early Castles of Northumberland, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4, XXII, 122-27
J. Hodgson, 1822, Calendars of the Prisoners confined in the High Castle...1628 & 1629, Archaeologia Aeliana, 1, I, 149-63
Archaeological Journal, 1847, Re-restoration of keep, particularly chapel, IV, pp. 82, 262-4, 365
Archaeologia Aeliana, 1859, An Abstract...of the title of...Lord Ravensworth to the Old Castle.. 2, III, pp. 42-44
J. Hodgson Hinde, 1855, Castle Rents anciently payable to the Castle of Newcastle, Archaeologia Aeliana, 1, IV, pp. 285-7
R.J. Johnson, 1883, The Black Gate, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, IX, pp. 53-56, 241
JBAA, 1920, Discovery at Newcastle Keep (contents of well), New Series, XXVI, p. 226
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1910 re-restoration of chimney buttress on south wall of keep, 3, IV, pp. 10-11
B. Harbottle, 1969, South Curtain Wall, Excavation report
W.H.D. Longstaffe, 1865, The South Postern of the Castle, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, VI, p. 126
R. Fraser, 1982, An Excavation in the 'Garrison Room' of the Castle Keep...1981, Council British Archaeology 3, Archaeological Newsbulletin, 2nd series, no. 16, April 1982, pp. 12-13; Rob Kirkup, 2009, Ghostly Tyne and Wear, pages 34-46; Gordon Rutter, 2009, Paranormal Newcastle; Grace McCombie, 2009, Newcastle and Gateshead - Pevsner Architectural Guide, p. 62-67; Nigel Green, 2009, Tough Times & Grisly Crimes, page 16; Barbara Harbottle, 2009, The Medieval Archaeology of Newcastle in Diana Newton and AJ Pollard (eds), 2009, Newcastle and Gateshead before 1700, pages 23, 26; Liz Humble, 2007, The Heart of the City Conservation Management Plan; CP Graves and DH Heslop, 2013, Newcastle upon Tyne - The Eye of the North, An Archaeological Assessment, pp 105-107; JAA Goodall, 2004, The Great Tower of Carlisle Castle in Carlisle and Cumbria: Roman and Medieval Architecture, Art and Archaeology, Brit Archaeol Ass Conf Trans 27, pp 39-62; J Harvey, 1984, English Mediaeval Architects, p 202; C Constable, 2003, Aspects of the Archaeology of the Castle in the North of England c1066-1216, PhD thesis Durham University, pp 142-61; PJ Dixon, 1996, Design in castle-building: the controlling of access to the Lord, Chateau Gaillard, 18, pp 23-42; R Allen Brown, 2003, Royal castle-building in England 1154-1216 in R Liddiard (ed), Anglo-Norman Castles, pp 133-78; R Eales, 2003, Castles and Politics in England 1215-1224 in R Liddiard (ed), Anglo Norman Castles, p 368; JC Holt, 1961, The Northerners: A study in the Reign of King John, pp 200-1 and 241-50; NCAS, 2017, Ice House, The Keep - Archaeological Excavation
SURVIVAL
60-79%
YEAR1
1988
YEAR2
2015
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
Class
Religious Ritual and Funerary
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Claire MacRae
CONDITION
Fair
Crossref
114, 115, 424
DAY1
01
DAY2
26
District
Sunderland
Easting
435340
Grid ref figure
8
HEIGHT_OD
122
Map Sheet
NZ34NE
MATERIAL
Magnesian Limestone
MONTH1
08
MONTH2
08
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 34 NE 1
Northing
549220
General Period
PREHISTORIC
Specific Period
Neolithic -4,000 to -2,200
Place
Houghton-le-Spring
SAMNUMBER
32055
Description
A round barrow (cairn) first excavated in 1877 by Dr. Greenwell and T.W.U. Robinson, and subsequently described as 66 feet in diameter and 7.75 feet in height, made chiefly of magnesian limestone with pieces of sandstone and soil (probably remains of turf) intermixed, together with pieces of burnt limestone. The primary burial was interpreted as a Neolithic cremation, probably in a mortuary structure. There were also several Bronze Age cremations and inhumations, and a possible Early Medieval inhumation. The site is now covered by rough grassland and trees, with occasional protruding stones and rubbish, within a ploughed field and since 2000 has been in the possession of the City of Sunderland. Public access and interpretation of the site are likely to be improved in association with the 'Friends of Copt Hill' group. A geophysical survey of the hill suggested that the barrow was encircled by ditches and suggested a possible pit alignment leading up to the barrow and several other circular and rectilinear features tentatively interpreted as ring ditches, enclosures, possible terminus of cursus, etc. However, excavation by University of Durham in June 2003 found that most of the suggested features were natural fissures in the limestone bedrock, although a complex of pits/postholes were found and interpreted as a possible pit alignment leading to the barrow. The fill of one of the pits has been radiocarbon dated to 5780-5620 cal BC, indicating a Mesolithic presence on this site. Bronze Age/Iron Age pottery was also collected. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT.
SITEASS
The 7 trees will soon need controlled felling; replacements must be off the scheduled area, and holes for them should be dug by an archaeologist [1995]. Site bought by City of Sunderland in 2000 and taken out of agriculture. Public access and interpretation of the site to be improved in association with the 'Friends of Copt Hill' group. Programme of hedge planting around the perimeter of the field ongoing by BTCV. A geophysical survey of the hill suggests that the barrow is encircled by ditches. There is a possible pit alignment leading up to the barrow and several other circular and rectilinear features tentatively interpreted as ring ditches, enclosures, possible terminus of cursus etc. Requires excavation to test these theories. One of the seven trees is dead. SMC applied for to put a new tree at base of barrow. Excavation by University of Durham June 2003 to test results of geophysics. Unfortunately most of the suggested ditches, pit alignments, enclosures etc. were found to be natural fissures in the limestone bedrock. However a complex of pits/postholes were found in trench two. Some of these were in a rough line and may relate to a possible pit alignment leading to the barrow. The fill of one of the pits has been radiocarbon dated to 5780-5620 cal BC. So there is a Mesolithic presence on this site. Bronze Age/Iron Age pottery was collected. Watching brief in 2005 during topsoil stripping for a footpath recorded no archaeological deposits. No flints were found, but a possible sherd of medieval pottery, a medieval whetstone and two fragments of clay pipe stem stamped with the name "Becketts" were collected.
Site Type: Broad
Burial Cairn
SITEDESC
Round barrow (cairn) on a false crest on the scarp slope of the magnesian limestone of the East Durham Plateau. It was excavated in 1877 by Dr Greenwell and T.W.U. Robinson, and was described by Trechmann thus: "It measured 66 feet in diameter and 7.75 feet in height. It was made chiefly of magnesian limestone with pieces of sandstone intermixed. Some soil, probably remains of turf, also occurred, together with pieces of burnt limestone. The stone on the surface was small for a depth of about 1.5 feet and then became much larger without much admixture of earth. Some large limestone flags above 2 feet long and 1.5 feet wide together with large sandstone boulders also occurred". The primary burial was a Neolithic cremation, probably in a mortuary structure. There were also several Bronze Age cremations and inhumations, and a possible Early Medieval inhumation. The barrow was excavated over two seasons (2003-2004). The majority of trenches were almost sterile of archaeological features but there were aspects of activity from the Mesolithic to Anglo Saxon period. The excavation revealed a possible Mesolithic posthole alignment and a possible Neolithic wooden mortuary structure. These excavations concluded that at least one cist was inserted into the mound during the Bronze Age. A single sherd of Iron Age pottery was found which may suggest activity during the later prehistoric period. There is no conclusive evidence of Roman activity at the site, but a single Anglo-Saxon burial is known.
Site Name
Copt Hill, Seven Sisters Barrow
Site Type: Specific
Round Cairn
SITE_STAT
Scheduled Monument
HER Number
100
Form of Evidence
Earthwork
Sources
<< HER 100 >> W. Greenwell, 1877, Excavation report, Greenwell MSS - no. 3. British Museum
W. Page, ed. 1905, Ancient Earthworks, Victoria County History, Durham Vol. I, p. 363
C.T. Trechmann, 1914, Prehistoric Burials in the County of Durham Archaeologia Aeliana, 3, XI, pp. 123-30
R. Young, 1980, An Inventory of Barrows in Co. Durham, Transactions Architectural & Archaeological Society Durham & Northumberland, New Series, Vol. 5, p. 9 no. 35
R. Miket, 1984, The Prehistory of Tyne and Wear, pp. 53, 55
R. Young, 1985, The Copt Hill, Houghton-le-Spring, round cairn: a reassessment Archaeologia Aeliana, 5, XIII, pp. 7-17
I.A. Kinnes & I.H. Longworth, 1985, Catalogue of the...prehistoric...material in the Greenwell Collection - British Museum
Aerial Photograph, Museum of Antiquities - - Copt Hill barrow 166.4,6
Geoquest Associates, 2001, Geophysical Survey of an area surrounding Seven Sisters Barrow... Unpublished report
A.F. Harding, 2003, Copt Hill Round Barrow, Houghton-le-Spring, Interim Excavation Report
A. Fletcher & J. Morrison, 2004, Unveiling Seven Sisters, a community archaeology project in Tyne and Archaeology North, No. 22, Spring 2004; A.F. Harding, 2011, Copt Hill Round Barrow, Houghton-le-Spring, Excavation Report 2003-2004
SURVIVAL
60-79%
YEAR1
1988
YEAR2
2014
English, British
ADDITINF
N
Class
Monument <By Form>
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
CONDITION
Good
Crossref
87
DAY1
01
DAY2
25
District
Sunderland
Easting
440200
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
Anglo-Saxon
Map Sheet
NZ45NW
MATERIAL
Sandstone
MONTH1
08
MONTH2
10
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
557800
General Period
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Early Medieval 410 to 1066
Place
Monkwearmouth
Description
Animal-head terminal, 30 cm high x 31 cm wide x 18 cm deep, in medium-grained massive yellow sandstone. Unworn and well dressed; broken off at the neck. The animal head is three-dimensional, of mammal/reptile type, with short square snout, long slit mouth, lentoid eyes, and with a deeply carved collar round its neck. It was probably meant to be seen in an upright position, perhaps the tip of a column-like feature. Dated to the 8th century it was found in 1969 in the founds of a modern wall grounded on a medieval and Saxon wall-line.
Site Type: Broad
Findspot
SITEDESC
Animal-head terminal, in medium-grained massive yellow sandstone. Unworn and well dressed; broken off at neck. The animal head is three-dimensional, of mammal/reptile type, with short square snout, long slit mouth, lentoid eyes, and with a deeply carved collar round its neck. It was probably meant to be seen in an upright position, perhaps the tip of a column-like feature. 30 cm high x 31 cm wide x 18 cm deep. C8 Found in 1969 in the founds of a modern wall grounded on a medieval and Saxon wall-line. Dated C8th.
Site Name
Monkwearmouth, Anglo-Saxon animal-head terminal
Site Type: Specific
Carved Stone
HER Number
99
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
<< HER 99 >> E.A. Fisher, 1962, The Greater Anglo-Saxon Churches, 87
SURVIVAL
40-59%
YEAR1
1991
YEAR2
1995
English, British
ADDITINF
N
Class
Unassigned
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
CONDITION
Good
Crossref
87
DAY1
27
DAY2
25
District
Sunderland
Easting
440200
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
Anglo-Saxon
Map Sheet
NZ45NW
MATERIAL
Sandstone
MONTH1
08
MONTH2
10
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 45 NW 11
Northing
557800
General Period
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Early Medieval 410 to 1066
Place
Monkwearmouth
Description
Two carved blocks, one (A) 41.9 cm high x 59.7 cm wide x 21.6 cm deep, the other (B) 38.1 cm high x 57.2 cm wide x 21.6 cm deep, both in medium-grained massive yellow sandstone. The condition of (A) is good, of (B) slightly damaged. (A) is decorated on one narrow face with a lion in an architectural 'cage', to be seen from side and front, while (B) has ah lion carved in high relief. They are not part of one piece of furniture, though perhaps part of the same suite. The stones have been dated to the late 7th century were found in the restoration of 1866.
Site Type: Broad
Architectural Fragment
SITEDESC
Two carved blocks, in medium-grained massive yellow sandstone. Condition of a. is good, of b. slightly damaged. a. Tapering block carved on one broad, one narrow face with a lion in an architectural 'cage', to be seen from side and front. The top has traces of mortar; the back is hammer-dressed. b. Block with lion carved in high relief. They are both left hand sections so are not part of one piece of furniture, though perhaps part of the same suite. Perhaps a. the arm of the abbot's seat, b. arm-end of the clergy bench a. 41.9 cm high x 59.7 cm wide x 21.6 cm deep b. 38.1 cm high x 57.2 cm wide x 21.6 cm deep Last quarter of C7. Found in the restoration of 1866 and first preserved in the vestry. Dated C7th.
Site Name
Monkwearmouth, Anglo-Saxon parts of seats or benches
Site Type: Specific
Architectural Fragment
HER Number
98
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
<< HER 98 >> J.R. Boyle, 1886, On the monastery and church of St. Peter, Monkwearmouth, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, XI, p. 51 pl. 6
G.F. Browne, 1886, Notes on the Remains of the Original Church of St. Peter, Monkwearmouth, pp. 8-9 pl. 1.1
J.R. Boyle, 1892, The County of Durham, p. 544
C.C. Hodges, 1893, The pre-Conquest churches of Northumbria, Reliquary, new series, VII, 147
J. Patterson, 1903, Some Saxon Remains at Monkwearmouth Church, Antiquities of Sunderland, II (for 1901), 78-9, fig. 4
D.S. Boutflower in H.R. Leighton, ed. 1910, Memorials of Old Durham, fig. on 48
B. Colgrave, 1948, St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, Transactions Architectectural & Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland, X (for 1944-53), 194
A.W. Clapham, 1950, Two carved stones at Monkwearmouth, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4, XXVIII, 1-6
N. Pevsner, 1953, Buildings of England, County Durham, p. 187
Radford, 1954, St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, C.A.R., Archaeological Journal, CXI, p. 211
B. Colgrave & R.J. Cramp, 1969, St. Peter's Church, Wearmouth Reprint, 22-3, pl. facing 19
R.J. Cramp, 1965, Early Northumbrian Sculpture, Jarrow Lecture, p. 4
H.M. & J. Taylor, 1965, Anglo-Saxon Architecture, I, 444
R.J. Cramp, 1967, The Monastic Arts of Northumbria, 24, nos. 45 a-b, and fig.
R.J. Cramp, 1984, Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture, Vol. I Part 1, pp. 129-30, pls. 122-3 (Monkwearmouth 15)
SURVIVAL
60-79%
YEAR1
1991
YEAR2
1995
English, British
ADDITINF
N
Class
Unassigned
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
CONDITION
Fair
Crossref
87
DAY1
27
DAY2
25
District
Sunderland
Easting
440200
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
Anglo-Saxon
Map Sheet
NZ45NW
MATERIAL
Dolomite
MONTH1
08
MONTH2
10
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 45 NW 11
Northing
557800
General Period
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Early Medieval 410 to 1066
Place
Monkwearmouth
Description
Thirty five baluster shafts have been found on the site during various phases of investigationsince 1829-30. Most are in Hartlepool and Roker dolomite. Sixteen types of profile are represented, most being lathe-turned. Because of their diversity and small scale, they probably had a variety of functions, e.g. flanking openings and as balustrades or canopy around or above an altar. The stones have been dated to the late 7th century.
Site Type: Broad
Architectural Fragment
SITEDESC
Thirty five baluster shafts have been found on the site as follows: a-b in c. 1829-30, in the tower of the church, not in situ. c-f were first noticed in 1866. g-ac were found in the 1866 restoration. ad-ai were found in the archaeological excavations at Monkwearmouth 1962-64. Note also 8a-b, not on SMR because in situ. Except the two latter, all are in Hartlepool and Roker dolomite. Sixteen types of profile. Most were definitely lathe-turned; a great variety of groove formulae, but there is evidence for their being produced in pairs. Because of their diversity and small scale, they probably had a variety of functions, e.g. flanking openings, as balustrades or canopy around or above an altar. Last quarter of C7. a-b are whole, 8 have complete profiles, the rest are fragments. Dated C7th.
Site Name
Monkwearmouth, Anglo-Saxon baluster shafts
Site Type: Specific
Baluster
HER Number
97
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
<< HER 97 >> J.Raine, ed. 1854, The Inventories and Account Rolls of Jarrow and Monkwearmouth... Surtees Society, 29, xxxii-iv
Transactions Architectectural & Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland, 1870, St. Peter's, Monkwearmouth, I (for 1862-68), pp. 141-4
W. Greenwell, 1870, Transactions Architectectural & Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland, I (for 1862-8), xlii-iii
J.R. Boyle, 1885, Church of St. Peter, Monkwearmouth 2, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, I (for 1882-84), p. 252
J.R. Boyle, 1886, On the Monastery and Church of St. Peter, Monkwearmouth Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, XI, p. 51
G.F. Browne, 1886, ...the Church of St. Peter, Monkwearmouth and...Sculptured Stones... 8
J.R. Boyle, 1892, The County of Durham, pp. 543-4
C.C. Hodges, 1893, The pre-Conquest churches of Northumbria, Reliquary new series, VII, 147
F.J. Haverfield & W. Greenwell, 1899, Catalogue of Sculptured and Inscribed Stones, in Cathedral Lib Durham, XIV, 71-3
J.F. Hodgson, 1912, The Churches of Escomb, Jarrow and Monkwearmouth, Transactions Architectectural & Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland,VI (for 1906-11), 170-2
G.B. Brown, 1925, Anglo-Saxon Architecture. The Arts in Early England, II, 257-8
B. Colgrave, 1948, St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, Transactions Architectectural & Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland, X (for 1944-53), p. 193
N. Pevsner, 1953, Buildings of England, County Durham, p. 187
E.A. Fisher, 1962, The Greater Anglo-Saxon Churches, 90
D.M. Wilson & J.G. Hurst, eds. 1963, Medieval Britain in 1961, Medieval Archaeology, Vol. VI-VII (for 1962-3), 315
B. Colgrave & R.J. Cramp, 1969, St. Peter's Church, Wearmouth Reprint, 25-6
R.J. Cramp, 1965 Early Northumbrian Sculpture, Jarrow Lecture, p. 4
R.J. Cramp, 1984, Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture, Vol. I,Pt 1, pp. 128-9, figs 6-8, & pls (Monkearmouth 14)
SURVIVAL
40-59%
YEAR1
1991
YEAR2
1995
English, British
ADDITINF
N
Class
Unassigned
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
CONDITION
Good
Crossref
87
DAY1
27
DAY2
25
District
Sunderland
Easting
440200
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
Anglo-Saxon
Map Sheet
NZ45NW
MATERIAL
Dolomite
MONTH1
08
MONTH2
10
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
557800
General Period
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Early Medieval 410 to 1066
Place
Monkwearmouth
Description
Four conjoining fragments of a capital, 12 cm high x 16. wide x 9 cm deep, in Hartlepool and Roker dolomite. In good condition. Only one face is carved, with a relief spiral which comes to a V-shaped point in the centre. This seems to be half an Ionic capital, probably set against a wall rather than being free standing. Found in reconstruction levels of the monastic buildings and so could have been used in one of the openings of these buildings. The stones have been dated to the late 7th century or early 8th century and was found in the restoration of 1866.
Site Type: Broad
Architectural Fragment
SITEDESC
Four conjoining fragments of a capital, in Hartlepool and Roker dolomite. In good condition. Only one face is carved, with a relief spiral which comes to a V-shaped point in the centre. The other faces are dressed smoothly. This seems to be half an Ionic capital, probably set against a wall rather than being free standing. Found in reconstruction levels of the monastic buildings and so could "have been used in one of the openings of these buildings". 12 cm high x 16.5 cm wide x 9 cm deep. Late C7 to early C8. Found in 1966 in archaeological excavations. Dated C7-8th.
Site Name
Monkwearmouth, Anglo-Saxon capital
Site Type: Specific
Capital
HER Number
96
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
<< HER 96 >> R.J. Cramp, 1969, Excavations at the Saxon Monastic Sites of Jarrow and Monkwearmouth, Medieval Archaeology, Vol. XIII, pl. IV.A
R.J. Cramp, 1984, Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture, Vol. I, Pt 1, pp.126-7, Pt 2, pl. 110.601-3 (Monkwearmouth 10)
SURVIVAL
60-79%
YEAR1
1991
YEAR2
1995
English, British
ADDITINF
N
Class
Unassigned
COMP1
Barbara Harbottle
COMP2
Barbara Harbottle
CONDITION
Fair
Crossref
87
DAY1
21
DAY2
25
District
Sunderland
Easting
440200
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
Anglo-Saxon
Map Sheet
NZ45NW
MATERIAL
Dolomite
MONTH1
08
MONTH2
10
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
557800
General Period
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Early Medieval 410 to 1066
Place
Monkwearmouth
Description
An incomplete panel, 27cm high x 24 cm wide x 6.5 cm deep, in Hartlepool and Roker dolomite. The broken and worn corner of an elaborately carved piece. Only one carved face survives, including part of a ribbon animal and two registers of encircled pattern. A triple roll moulding also encloses the inner zone, of interlace. Possibly a closure slab for shutting off the sanctuary; or perhaps part of an altar frontal or box shrine. The stone has been dated to the last quarter of the 7th century or first quarter of the 8th century and was found in the restoration of 1866.
Site Type: Broad
Architectural Fragment
SITEDESC
Incomplete panel, in Hartlepool and Roker dolomite. Broken and worn. One corner of an elaborately carved piece. Only one carved face survives, and the back and edges of the stone are plain. A (broad): Edged with a flat-band moulding. Within that a triple roll moulding encloses the outer zone of ornament, which includes both part of a ribbon animal and two registers of encircled pattern. A triple roll moulding also encloses the inner zone, of interlace. Possibly a closure slab for shutting off the sanctuary; or perhaps part of an altar frontal or box shrine. 27 cm high x 24 cm wide x 6.5 cm deep. Last quarter of C7 to first quarter of C8. Found in the restoration of 1866. Dated C7-8th.
Site Name
Monkwearmouth, Anglo-Saxon panel fragment
Site Type: Specific
Panel
HER Number
95
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
<< HER 95 >> J.R. Boyle, 1886, On the monastery and church of St. Peter, Monkwearmouth, Archaeologia Aeliana, 2, XI, p. 51 pl. 6
G.F. Browne, 1886, Notes on the Remains of the Original Church of St. Peter, Monkwearmouth, pp. 13-15, pl. 2.4
J.R. Boyle, 1892, The County of Durham, p. 544
J. Patterson, 1903, Some Saxon Remains at Monkwearmouth Church, Antiquities of Sunderland, Vol. II (for 1901), pp. 80-2, fig. 6
D.S. Boutflower in H.R. Leighton, ed. 1910, Memorials of Old Durham, fig. on 153
B. Colgrave, 1948, St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, Transactions Architectectural & Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland, X (for 1944-53), p. 193
B. Colgrave & R.J. Cramp, 1969, St. Peter's Church, Wearmouth, Reprint, pp. 23-5, pl. facing 19
R.J. Cramp, 1965, Early Northumbrian Sculpture, Jarrow Lecture, p. 3, pl. 2
G. Adcock, 1974, A Study of the types of interlace on Northumbrian sculpture, Durham University Unpublished M Phil thesis, 66-9, pl. 6 A-B, fig. 18A
R.J. Cramp, 1984, Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture, Vol. I, Pt 1, p. 126, Pt 2, pl. 121.656 (Monkwearmouth 9)
SURVIVAL
40-59%
YEAR1
1991
YEAR2
1995
Subscribe to