English, British
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
15
District
N Tyneside
Easting
434280
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ37SW
MONTH1
4
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
571990
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Hanoverian 1714 to 1837
Place
Monkseaton
Description
Tomlinson describes a small house formerly used as a skinnery and storehouse for wool by Joseph Dunn, the butcher. This industrial part of Monkseaton village, set back from Front Street, was called The Fold or Fau'd. Other small-scale industry in The Fold included a saw pit, tin worker, cooper and umbrella repairer. The skinnery is shown on map of 1833, the tithe map of 1845 and the Ordnance Survey first and second editions. By the third edition of 1919 the skinnery had been demolished and replaced by terraced housing. The skinnery would have presumably used lime pits.
Site Type: Broad
Leather Industry Site
SITEDESC
Tomlinson describes a small house formerly used as a skinnery and storehouse for wool by Joseph Dunn, the butcher. This industrial part of Monkseaton village, set back from Front Street, was called The Fold or Fau'd. Other small-scale industry in The Fold included a saw pit, tin worker, cooper and umbrella repairer. The skinnery is shown on map of 1833, the tithe map of 1845 and the OS first and second editions. By the third edition of 1919 the skinnery had been demolished and replaced by terraced housing. The skinnery would have presumably used lime pits.
Site Name
Monkseaton, skinnery
Site Type: Specific
Leather Industry Site
HER Number
5860
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 5860 >> 1833, Map of Monkseaton, Northumberland Records Office, ZHE 63/23
M. Snape, Tyne and Wear Museums, 2004, 88-90 Front Street, Monkseaton, Whitley Bay, North Tyneside, Archaeological Assessment, p 12
P. Johnson, 1993, In the footsteps of Tomlinson, unpublished dissertation
W.W. Tomlinson, 1893, Historical Notes on Cullercoats, Whitley and Monkseaton, pp 56-58
YEAR1
2004
English, British
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
15
District
N Tyneside
Easting
434300
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ37SW
MONTH1
4
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
571970
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Hanoverian 1714 to 1837
Place
Monkseaton
Description
Tomlinson describes a plain-fronted stone house built in the early 19th century by Robert Lyon on the site of an old saw pit. This industrial part of Monkseaton village, combrising of whitewashed cottages and the Seven Stars Inn, set back from Front Street, was called The Fold or Fau'd. Other small-scale industry in The Fold included a skinnery, tin worker, cooper and umbrella repairer. Robert Lyons house is shown on map of 1833, the tithe map of 1845 and the Ordnance Survey first and second editions. By the third edition it had been rebuilt or divided into two. As the saw pit was already described as "old" at the beginning of the 19th century, it could potentially have early originals, maybe even the medieval period.
SITEASS
The place where tree trunks were sawn into planks by hand. A saw pit comprised a rectangular pit about 6-8 feet deep, over which the trunk could be laid horizontally. Sawing was by a long sawblade with a cross handle at each end, with the pitman standing in the pit below the log and the sawyer standing above. The saw was moved up and down, the top man guiding it and the pitman cutting by pulling on the downstroke. Sawpits were replaced by saw mills (William Jones, 1996, Dictionary of Industrial Archaeology).
Site Type: Broad
Wood Processing Site
SITEDESC
Tomlinson describes a plain-fronted stone house built in the early 19th century by Robert Lyon on the site of an old saw pit. This industrial part of Monkseaton village, comprising of whitewashed cottages and the Seven Stars Inn, set back from Front Street, was called The Fold or Fau'd. Other small-scale industry in The Fold included a skinnery, tin worker, cooper and umbrella repairer. Robert Lyons house is shown on map of 1833, the tithe map of 1845 and the OS first and second editions. By the third edition it had been rebuilt or divided into two. As the saw pit was already described as "old" at the beginning of the C19, it could potentially have early origins, maybe even the medieval period.
Site Name
Monkseaton, saw pit
Site Type: Specific
Saw Pit
HER Number
5859
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 5859 >> 1833, Map of Monkseaton, Northumberland Records Office, ZHE 63/23
M. Snape, Tyne and Wear Museums, 2004, 88-90 Front Street, Monkseaton, Whitley Bay, North Tyneside, Archaeological Assessment, p 12
P. Johnson, 1993, In the footsteps of Tomlinson, unpublished dissertation
W.W. Tomlinson, 1893, Historical Notes on Cullercoats, Whitley and Monkseaton, pp 56-58
YEAR1
2004
English, British
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Agriculture and Subsistence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
15
District
N Tyneside
Easting
434360
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ37SW
MONTH1
4
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
572000
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
Monkseaton
Description
Tomlinson describes a farmhouse of Thomas Mills built in 1688. It had a carved fireplace with a stucco frieze bearing the coat of arms of Charles II, with the mongram 'CR' and the Stuart motto "Beati Pacifici" (blessed are the peacemakers). The building became The Ship Inn in 1790, but was destroyed by fire in 1923. The coat of arms was rescued and is now in the Urban District Council Chambers at Whitley Bay. The inn was rebuilt on a site slightly to the west. This was one of a number of fine 17th century houses in Monkseaton. To the west of The Ship was another farmhouse with a fine 17th century fireplace. There was a cottage in 1683 at the east end of the village and in 1698 Red House Farm is recorded.
Site Type: Broad
Agricultural Building
SITEDESC
Tomlinson describes a farmhouse of Thomas Mills built in 1688. It had a carved fireplace with a stucco frieze bearing the coat of arms of Charles II, with the monogram 'CR' and the Stuart motto "Beati Pacifici" (blessed are the peacemakers). The building became The Ship Inn in 1790, but was destroyed by fire in 1923. The coat of arms was rescued and is now in the Urban District Council Chambers at Whitley Bay. The inn was rebuilt on a site slightly to the west. This was one of a number of fine C17 houses in Monkseaton. To the west of The Ship was another farmhouse with a fine C17 fireplace. There was a cottage in 1683 at the east end of the village and in 1698 Red House Farm is recorded.
Site Name
Mills' Farmhouse, later The Ship Inn
Site Type: Specific
Farmhouse
HER Number
5858
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 5858 >> W.W. Tomlinson, 1893, Historical Notes on Cullercoats, Whitley and Monkseaton, pp 56-58
M. Snape, Tyne and Wear Museums, 2004, 88-90 Front Street, Monkseaton, Whitley Bay, North Tyneside, Archaeological Assessment, p 9
P. Johnson, 1993, In the footsteps of Tomlinson, unpublished dissertation
C. W. Steel, 2000, Images of England - Monkseaton and Hillheads; North Tyneside Council Development Directorate, August 2006, Monkseaton Conservation Area Character Appraisal Draft
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
2004
English, British
Class
Civil
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
15
District
N Tyneside
Easting
435860
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ37SE
MONTH1
4
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
570150
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Marden
Description
MacKenzie records that near to the Monk Stone (HER 102) at a farmstead called Monk-house, the prior of Tynemouth had a gallows. In 1320 the site of the pedestal of the cross and the gallows was called Rodestane and in 1757 Cross Close Pasture.
Site Type: Broad
Legal Site
SITEDESC
MacKenzie records that near to the Monk Stone (HER 102) at a farmstead called Monk-house, the prior of Tynemouth had a gallows. In 1320 the site of the pedestal of the cross and the gallows was called Rodestane and in 1757 Cross Close Pasture.
Site Name
Monk-house, gallows
Site Type: Specific
Gallows
HER Number
5857
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 5857 >> E. MacKenzie, 1825, View of the County of Northumberland, Vol 1, pp 459-60
M. Snape, Tyne and Wear Museums, 2004, 88-90 Front Street, Monkseaton, Whitley Bay, North Tyneside, Archaeological Assessment, p 9
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
2004
English, British
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Domestic
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
CONDITION
Good
DAY1
15
District
Sunderland
Easting
439120
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35NE
MATERIAL
Brick
MONTH1
4
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
556230
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
Sunderland
Description
House. 1890 with alterations c1905. Designed by George T Brown. For Joseph L Thompson. Interiors refitted by William J Neatby. Red brick and tile-hung, with plain tile roofs. 2 brick stacks. 2 storey. South front has central doorway with glazed door and wooden hood. Single light plain sashes and a dormer window. Canted bay windows with cross-casements. Interior - largely date to Neatby's refitting c1905. Very original Art Nouveau style fittings. Staircase hall is panelled with open well stair, panelled ceilings and fitted cupboards with stained glass. Most rooms retain similar features. Fine group of tiled fireplaces with wooden surrounds and tile fronts, most with beaten brass hoods and fittings. Many rooms have fitted cupboards and doors with stained glass and brass furniture. Some of the windows have stained glass. Listed for the extremely rare and unusual Art Nouveau decoration and fittings {1}. Substantial suburban villa similar to others in Ashbrooke, designed by local architect George T Brown for Joseph Thompson, shipbuilder, and chairman of Robert Thompson's and Sons of Southwick Yard and Bridge Dockyard. In the 1891 census return, the address of The Croft is 15 Thornhill Terrace. In 1933 following the death of Thompson's son Errol, the house was bought and opened as a school, later known as Tonstall School and currently subsumed within Sunderland High School. The house became a residential cantre for people with learning difficulties in 1993, until being bought for conversion to residential in 2002. William James Neatby (1860-1910) is well known for decorative tile work and terracotta scultpure for Doultons. His most notable works include Harrods' Meat Hall, Knightsbridge 1903, Fox and Anchor Public House, Farringdon, London; Orchard House, Great Smith Street, London; Royal Arcade in Norwich 1899, the Emporium in Northampton, Café Turkey in Leicester, Everard's Printing Works in Bristol and the New Palace Theatre in Lynmouth. His work was influenced by John Keats' poems.
SITEASS
Recorded in 2004 in advance of proposed alterations. This found that there have been losses through theft, vandalism and inappropriate conversion; however the interior is still substantially complete. Some important features were removed from the building after 1993. Repairs to some elements of the decorative scheme recommended.
Site Type: Broad
House
SITEDESC
House. 1890 with alterations c1905. Designed by George T Brown. For Joseph L Thompson. Interiors refitted by William J Neatby. Red brick and tile-hung, with plain tile roofs. 2 brick stacks. 2 storey. South front has central doorway with glazed door and wooden hood. Single light plain sashes and a dormer window. Canted bay windows with cross-casements. Interior - largely date to Neatby's refitting c1905. Very original Art Nouveau style fittings. Staircase hall is panelled with open well stair, panelled ceilings and fitted cupboards with stained glass. Most rooms retain similar features. Fine group of tiled fireplaces with wooden surrounds and tile fronts, most with beaten brass hoods and fittings. Many rooms have fitted cupboards and doors with stained glass and brass furniture. Some of the windows have stained glass. Listed for the extremely rare and unusual Art Nouveau decoration and fittings {1}. Substantial suburban villa similar to others in Ashbrooke, designed by local architect George T Brown for Joseph Thompson, shipbuilder, and chairman of Robert Thompson's and Sons of Southwick Yard and Bridge Dockyard. In the 1891 census return, the address of The Croft is 15 Thornhill Terrace. In 1933 following the death of Thompson's son Errol, the house was bought and opened as a school, later known as Tonstall School and currently subsumed within Sunderland High School. The house became a residential centre for people with learning difficulties in 1993, until being bought for conversion to residential in 2002. William James Neatby (1860-1910) is well known for decorative tile work and terracotta sculpture for Doultons. His most notable works include Harrods' Meat Hall, Knightsbridge 1903, Fox and Anchor Public House, Farringdon, London; Orchard House, Great Smith Street, London; Royal Arcade in Norwich 1899, the Emporium in Northampton, Café Turkey in Leicester, Everard's Printing Works in Bristol and the New Palace Theatre in Lynmouth. His work was influenced by John Keats' poems.
Site Name
Thorneholme Road, The Croft
Site Type: Specific
Villa
SITE_STAT
Listed Building Grade II
HER Number
5856
Form of Evidence
Extant Building
Sources
<< HER 5856 >> J. Barnard, 1970, The Master of Harrods Meat Hall: W J Neatby, Apollo, March 27 1970
J. Barnard, 1971, Victorian on the Tiles: the Work of W J Neatby, The Architect, 1, (September)
L. Irvine, 1979, Neatby's work with Doulton Architectural Review, 165, (June), pp 383-384
Dept. of National Heritage, of Buildings of Special ... Interest, 920-1/21/297
Archaeological Services University of Durham, 2004, The Croft, Thornholme Road, Sunderland, Archaeological Recording
S. Anderson, 2002, William James Neatby: Designs for Furniture, Metalwork and Interiors, Decorative Arts Society Journal, 26, pp 40-59; http://aishi-myworld.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/sculptor-and-artist-william-james.html; http://www.welwyngardendfas.org.uk/backgroundmar09.html; Jean Manco, Dec 2007, Edward Everard's Printing Works, Bristol Magazine (published online 10 June 2008); Charles Harvey and Jon Press, 1994, A Bristol Printing House: Edward Everard's Monument to Gutenberg, Morris and the Printer's Art, The Journal of William Morris Studies, vol 10, issue 4 (Spring 1994), pp 40-47; Edward Everard, 1901, A Bristol Printing House
SURVIVAL
100%
YEAR1
2004
English, British
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
14
District
N Tyneside
Easting
436500
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
World Wars
Map Sheet
NZ37SE
MATERIAL
Concrete
MONTH1
4
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
570400
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
Second World War 1939 to 1945
Place
Tynemouth
Description
Site of WW2 concrete roadblock. On Grand Parade. Stop-lines included permanent and moveable road barriers. The most substantial works were formed from square or cylindrical concrete blocks entwined with barbed wire and fitted with explosives. Moveable obstacles consisted of horizontal or vertical bars or poles of steel, set between concrete blocks. Bent steel girders could also be slotted into sockets cut into the road surface. Modern road improvements are removing evidence for both, but some of the original blocks or aperatures have been observed in-situ. Cylindrical blocks have been used to line private roads or placed on river banks to combat erosion {Defence of Britain Handbook, 1995}.
Site Type: Broad
Defence Obstruction
SITEDESC
Site of WW2 concrete roadblock. On Grand Parade. Stop-lines included permanent and moveable road barriers. The most substantial works were formed from square or cylindrical concrete blocks entwined with barbed wire and fitted with explosives. Moveable obstacles consisted of horizontal or vertical bars or poles of steel, set between concrete blocks. Bent steel girders could also be slotted into sockets cut into the road surface. Modern road improvements are removing evidence for both, but some of the original blocks or apertures have been observed in-situ. Cylindrical blocks have been used to line private roads or placed on river banks to combat erosion {Defence of Britain Handbook, 1995}.
Site Name
Tynemouth, WW2 Roadblock
Site Type: Specific
Road Block
HER Number
5855
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 5855 >> Alan Rudd, of 20th century defence sites in Tyne and Wear
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
2004
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
COMP2
Claire MacRae
DAY1
14
DAY2
24
District
Sunderland
Easting
440840
Grid ref figure
8
HISTORY_TOPIC
World Wars
Map Sheet
NZ45NW
MONTH1
4
MONTH2
11
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 45 NW 565
Northing
557390
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
20th Century 1901 to 2000
Place
Sunderland
Description
Concrete building 4 metres x 16 metres in plan. Looks like it must have had some kind of wartime use, if not an air raid shelter perhaps associated with coastal defence.
SITEASS
Photographed before demolition 2004.
Site Type: Broad
Civil Defence Site
SITEDESC
Concrete building 4m x 16m in plan. Looks like it must have had some kind of wartime use, if not an air raid shelter perhaps associated with coastal defence {1}. Second World War air raid shelters and military buildings are visible as structures and earthworks on air photographs, at NZ 4085 5739.
Site Name
South Dock, Air Raid Shelter
Site Type: Specific
Air Raid Shelter
HER Number
5854
Form of Evidence
Demolished Building
Sources
<< HER 5854 >> Pers. Comm. J. Morrison, 2004; NMR MONUMENT NUMBER: 1462990; Vertical aerial photograph reference number
RAF 106G/UK/873 6140 01-OCT-1945; TWM Archaeology, 2010, Land east of Prospect Row, Hendon, Sunderland - Archaeological Assessment
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
2004
YEAR2
2014
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
14
District
Outside
Easting
417500
Grid ref figure
8
HISTORY_TOPIC
World Wars
Map Sheet
NZ17SE
MONTH1
4
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
571040
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
20th Century 1901 to 2000
Place
Callerton
Description
Site of former ammunition depot. Strictly speaking this is just over the border with Northumberland, but the site is included here as it is probably connected with the RAF base at Newcastle Airport (HER 5676) and associated defence sites. Photographed in 1993, a complex of concrete buildings, roads and earthwork remains survived. The site has probably now been cleared.
Site Type: Broad
Military Depot
SITEDESC
Site of former ammunition depot. Strictly speaking this is just over the border with Northumberland, but the site is included here as it is probably connected with the RAF base at Newcastle Airport (HER 5676) and associated defence sites. Photographed in 1993, a complex of concrete buildings, roads and earthwork remains survived. The site has probably now been cleared.
Site Name
Callerton, Ammunition Depot
Site Type: Specific
Munition House
HER Number
5853
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 5853 >> Pers. Comm. I. Ayris, 1993
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
2004
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
COMP2
Claire Macrae
DAY1
14
DAY2
16
District
S Tyneside
Easting
434750
Grid ref figure
8
HISTORY_TOPIC
World Wars
Map Sheet
NZ36SW
MONTH1
4
MONTH2
1
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
560250
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
Second World War 1939 to 1945
Place
West Boldon
Description
Site of World War Two prisoner of war camp. Air photographs from 1946 show 14 huts in the quarry. Nothing is visible on immediate post-war aerial photographs. NGR given for centre of quarry. Each camp was allocated an official number during World War Two within a prescribed numerical sequence, ranging from Camp 1 (Grizedale Hall, Ambleside) to Camp 1026 (Raynes Park, Wimbledon). The West Boldon camp was Camp 605. Not all of the sites were true Prisoner of War camps, many were hostels situated some distance away from the parent site or base camp. It is not known what category West Boldon Camp was. During the early part of the war there was no standard design of camp, but following the success of the 8th Army's North African Campaign against the Italian Army, during which a substantial number of prisoners were taken, many prisoners were eventually brought to Britain and held in purpose built 'standard' camps, many of which were built by the prisoners themselves.
SITEASS
In Roger Thomas' Prisoner of War Camps Report of 2003, out of a classification number system of 1-5 (1 meaning complete, 2 meaning near complete, 3 meaning partial remains and 4 meaning removed), West Boldon Camp was given a classification of '5' - unresolved, evidence is either not visible, or inconclusive, when based on the resources consulted (ie. Maps and/or aerial photographs). All surviving sites are significant for historical and social reasons, and in view of their local impact and contribution to sense of place.
Site Type: Broad
Military Camp
SITEDESC
Site of World War Two prisoner of war camp. Air photographs from 1946 show 14 huts in the quarry. Nothing is visible on immediate post-war aerial photographs. NGR given for centre of quarry. Each camp was allocated an official number during World War Two within a prescribed numerical sequence, ranging from Camp 1 (Grizedale Hall, Ambleside) to Camp 1026 (Raynes Park, Wimbledon). The West Boldon camp was Camp 605. Not all of the sites were true Prisoner of War camps, many were hostels situated some distance away from the parent site or base camp. It is not known what category West Boldon Camp was. During the early part of the war there was no standard design of camp, but following the success of the 8th Army's North African Campaign against the Italian Army, during which a substantial number of prisoners were taken, many prisoners were eventually brought to Britain and held in purpose built 'standard' camps, many of which were built by the prisoners themselves. 14 Nissen Huts are shown on a 1945 AP.
Site Name
West Boldon, Downhill Quarry, Prisoner of War Camp
Site Type: Specific
Prisoner of War Camp
HER Number
5852
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 5852 >> Roger J.C. Thomas, 2003, Prisoner of War Camps (1939-1948), Twentieth Century Military Recording Project
A. Hellen, 1999, Temporary settlements and transient populations, The legacy of Britain Erdkunde, 53 (3), 191-211
P. Reid & M. Michael, 2000, Prisoner of War - The Inside Story of the PoW from the Ancient World
H. Rossberg, 1992, A Prisoner in Scotland After the Battle, 76, p 38-53
J. Schofield, 2003, Modern Military Matters, Strategic Framework for Studying the Material Culture of War?
R.J.C. Thomas, 2003, PoW Camps, What survives and where, Conservation Bulletin 44, p 18-21; English Heritage, 2008, Hadrian's Wall National Mapping Project, 1403564; Aerial Photograph RAF 106G/UK/1193 4362 27-FEB-1946; http://www.boldonwm.uk/dqpow.htm
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
2004
YEAR2
2017
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
14
District
Sunderland
Easting
433000
Grid ref figure
8
HISTORY_TOPIC
World Wars
Map Sheet
NZ35NW
MATERIAL
Concrete
MONTH1
4
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
558400
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
Second World War 1939 to 1945
Place
Usworth
Description
Site of WW2 concrete roadblock. Near RAF Usworth (HER 1824). Stop-lines included permanent and moveable road barriers. The most substantial works were formed from square or cylindrical concrete blocks entwined with barbed wire and fitted with explosives. Moveable obstacles consisted of horizontal or vertical bars or poles of steel, set between concrete blocks. Bent steel girders could also be slotted into sockets cut into the road surface. Modern road improvements are removing evidence for both, but some of the original blocks or aperatures have been observed in-situ. Cylindrical blocks have been used to line private roads or placed on river banks to combat erosion {Defence of Britain Handbook 1995}.
Site Type: Broad
Defence Obstruction
SITEDESC
Site of WW2 concrete roadblock. Near RAF Usworth (HER 1824). Stop-lines included permanent and moveable road barriers. The most substantial works were formed from square or cylindrical concrete blocks entwined with barbed wire and fitted with explosives. Moveable obstacles consisted of horizontal or vertical bars or poles of steel, set between concrete blocks. Bent steel girders could also be slotted into sockets cut into the road surface. Modern road improvements are removing evidence for both, but some of the original blocks or apertures have been observed in-situ. Cylindrical blocks have been used to line private roads or placed on river banks to combat erosion {Defence of Britain Handbook 1995}.
Site Name
Usworth, WW2 Roadblock
Site Type: Specific
Road Block
HER Number
5851
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 5851 >> Alan Rudd, of 20th century defence sites in Tyne and Wear
SURVIVAL
None
YEAR1
2004