Unusually large Roman spoon found at Benwell Fort during excavations by James Petch in 1926. It has an oval bowl with inside rim. The handle is in three roughly equal lengths. The spoon is 170mm long. The bowl is 41mm wide. EDX analysis by University of Newcastle shows that it is made of over 99% silver with minute traces of copper and iron.
SITEASS
Roman spoons first became common in the C1 and those that survive are of two types - the more common have small circular bowls and plain spiked handles, the others are larger with oval bowls and a drop between handle and bowl. The Benwell spoon is one of about ten known examples of the second type. It dates to the first or second century AD. Another example of the second type was found in one of the stone piers of the old Tyne Bridge circa 1806 but is now lost. Spoons are rarely found on Roman military sites - Chesters Fort has one, and Housesteads Fort has two but these are bronze. The Benwell spoon was found under a building, presumably the praetorium and probably belonged to commanding officer Tineius Longus's household.
Site Type: Broad
Findspot
SITEDESC
Unusually large Roman spoon found at Benwell Fort during excavations by James Petch in 1926. It has an oval bowl with inside rim. The handle is in three roughly equal lengths. The spoon is 170mm long. The bowl is 41mm wide. EDX analysis by University of Newcastle shows that it is made of over 99% silver with minute traces of copper and iron. Dated C1.
Site Name
Benwell Fort (Condercum), Silver Spoon
Site Type: Specific
Spoon
HER Number
5444
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
<< HER 5444 >> D. Sherlock, 1999, Silver Spoon from Benwell Roman Fort, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5, xxvii, p176-178
J.A. Petch, 1927, Excavations at Benwell (Condercum), Archaeologia Aeliana, 4, (1927), p135-192
YEAR1
2003
English, British
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
04
District
Gateshead
Easting
425840
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ26SE
MONTH1
6
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
563370
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
Gateshead
Description
The Quarry Field Works (marine, locomotive and general engineers) were established by John Coulthard (ex Walker Iron Works) & Son in 1840. He was shortly joined by his brother Ralph. They commenced building locomotives for NER and collieries. In April 1853 the partnership between John and Ralph Coulthard was dissolved when John died and the firm became R. Coulthard and Co. In 1865 Ralph retired and the works were taken over by Black Hawthorn & Co. Building was concentrated more on industrial locomotives for collieries and iron works but a number of tender locomotives were also built and went to many parts of the world. Between 1871 and 1874 the works were extended to include the present-day site of Close Works south of Quarryfield Road. The firm developed into one of the premier builders in this area and up to 1896 when the firm ceased trading, over 1100 locomotives had been built and many rebuilt. The firm was bought by Chapman and Furneaux who produced a futher 70 locomotives, but ceased marine engineering. The last locomotive built was in 1902. The firm's drawings, patterns and templates were bought by R & W Hawthorn Leslie & Co of Newcastle. In 1904 Ernest Scott & Mountain, electrical and colliery plant engineers, purchased the site and rename it Close Works after their former works in The Close, Newcastle. They go into liquidation in 1911. In 1913 C.A. Parsons & Co Ltd acquire a section of Close Works. In 1915 Sir W.G. Armstrong Whitworth & Co. Ltd takes over Close Works. It is re-equipped as a foundry in 1920. Roll manufacture commences in 1933 and pneumatic tool manufacture is transferred here from Armstrong's Elswick works in 1937. Wartime production included bomb casings, gun barrels, aero engine cylinder blocks and propeller hubs. In the 1950s Kue-Ken rock crushing equipment was made and the pneumatic tools division was sold to Thor Tools Ltd in North Shields. In 1968 Close Works was acquired by Davy Ashmore and in 1970 the Davy Roll Co. Ltd was formed.
SITEASS
The offices and stores building shown on a plan of Chapman & Furneaux's works still stands.
Site Type: Broad
Engineering Industry Site
SITEDESC
The Quarry Field Works (marine, locomotive and general engineers) were established by John Coulthard (ex Walker Iron Works) & Son in 1840. He was shortly joined by his brother Ralph. They commenced building locomotives for NER and collieries. In April 1853 the partnership between John and Ralph Coulthard was dissolved when John died and the firm became R. Coulthard and Co. In 1865 Ralph retired and the works were taken over by Black Hawthorn & Co. Building was concentrated more on industrial locomotives for collieries and iron works but a number of tender locomotives were also built and went to many parts of the world. Between 1871 and 1874 the works were extended to include the present-day site of Close Works south of Quarryfield Road. The firm developed into one of the premier builders in this area and up to 1896 when the firm ceased trading, over 1100 locomotives had been built and many rebuilt. The firm was bought by Chapman and Furneaux who produced a further 70 locomotives, but ceased marine engineering. The last locomotive built was in 1902. The firm's drawings, patterns and templates were bought by R & W Hawthorn Leslie & Co of Newcastle. In 1904 Ernest Scott & Mountain, electrical and colliery plant engineers, purchased the site and rename it Close Works after their former works in The Close, Newcastle. They go into liquidation in 1911. In 1913 C.A. Parsons & Co Ltd acquire a section of Close Works. In 1915 Sir W.G. Armstrong Whitworth & Co. Ltd takes over Close Works. It is re-equipped as a foundry in 1920. Roll manufacture commences in 1933 and pneumatic tool manufacture is transferred here from Armstrong's Elswick works in 1937. Wartime production included bomb casings, gun barrels, aero engine cylinder blocks and propeller hubs. In the 1950s Kue-Ken rock crushing equipment was made and the pneumatic tools division was sold to Thor Tools Ltd in North Shields. In 1968 Close Works was acquired by Davy Ashmore and in 1970 the Davy Roll Co. Ltd was formed.
Site Name
Quarry Field Works (Close Works, Davy Roll Co.)
Site Type: Specific
Engineering Works
HER Number
5443
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 5443 >> J. W. Lowe, British Steam Locomotive Builders
P. Hepplewhite, Tyne & Wear at Work Published by Newcastle City Libraries & Arts, and Tyne and Wear Archive Service
1898, Chapman & Furneaux, successors to Black Hawthorn & Co. Ltd, Sketch Plan of Works; The Archaeological Practice Ltd., 2009, West Central Gateshead - Archaeological Assessment
YEAR1
2003
English, British
AREA_STAT
Conservation Area
Class
Maritime
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
2866
DAY1
04
District
Sunderland
Easting
440100
Grid ref figure
6
Map Sheet
NZ45NW
MATERIAL
Brick
MONTH1
6
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
557300
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
Sunderland
Description
Sufficient is known about the engine works to indicate that the remaining structure, now incorporated into Graham's warehouse, is a significant remanant of Wearside's industrial architecture. The remaining part of the former Scotia Engine Works possibly dates from the 1870s and is probably the most intact remanant of this industry on Wearside. A plan of the Scotia Engine Works survives in a locally-held private collection. In the mid 19th century this site had been the shipbuilding yard of Carr, Fowles & Co. In the 1880s these works were reopened by William Allan, a future MP for Gateshead and a pioneering industrialist, as the Scotia Engine Works. In 1900 the company was purchased by Sir Christopher Furness and amalgamated with two other marine engine builders, Thomas Richardson & Sons of Hartlepool and Sir Christopher Furness, Westgarth & Co. of Middlesbrough to form Richardson's Westgarth & Co. Ltd. Output from the marine engine works of the Wear in the decades either side of 1900 was massive. Richardson's Westgarth produced diesel engines from 1912 and in 1923 acquired a licence to produce Doxford Engines. The firm grew to become the parent company of a group which comprised George Clark and North East Marine Engineering. The Scotia Works declined in the 1920s when the shipbuilding industry was driven into economic depression. The works ceased producing new marine engines in 1929 but continued with subsidiary work until after WW2. The works were sold to S.P. Austin & Son Ltd in 1946/7 and used for subsidiary outfitting works. In 1964 the works were changed to a builder's merchants. It was reduced to its present size in the early 1980s.
SITEASS
Within the predominantly metal framed and clad builders' merchants warehouse are the substantial remains of one wall of the engine works and two rows of iron columns with girders or gantries above. The wall is brick built and is, in places, over 18" thick. There is a series of blocked arched openings and windows. This was the main river frontage of the works. A second series of arched window openings above the lower row is masked by the metal cladding of the warehouse. Above these windows originally rose a brick upstand which bore the name of the works, now removed. The iron columns are in two rows 12.9m apart. They are 8.3m in height. Simple timber bracing between two sets on the south. The columns on the north side carry a single row of horizontal I beams. These surviving elements of the former marine engine works appear to have formed part of an engine erecting shed and are part of the origainl construction of the works. Now demolished and site redeveloped.
Site Type: Broad
Marine Construction Site
SITEDESC
Sufficient is known about the engine works to indicate that the remaining structure, now incorporated into Graham's warehouse, is a significant remnant of Wearside's industrial architecture. The remaining part of the former Scotia Engine Works possibly dates from the 1870s and is probably the most intact remnant of this industry on Wearside. A plan of the Scotia Engine Works survives in a locally-held private collection {1}. In the mid 19th century this site had been the shipbuilding yard of Carr, Fowles & Co. In the 1880s these works were reopened by William Allan, a future MP for Gateshead and a pioneering industrialist, as the Scotia Engine Works. In 1900 the company was purchased by Sir Christopher Furness and amalgamated with two other marine engine builders, Thomas Richardson & Sons of Hartlepool and Sir Christopher Furness, Westgarth & Co. of Middlesbrough to form Richardson's Westgarth & Co. Ltd. Output from the marine engine works of the Wear in the decades either side of 1900 was massive. Richardson's Westgarth produced diesel engines from 1912 and in 1923 acquired a licence to produce Doxford Engines. The firm grew to become the parent company of a group which comprised George Clark and North East Marine Engineering. The Scotia Works declined in the 1920s when the shipbuilding industry was driven into economic depression. The works ceased producing new marine engines in 1929 but continued with subsidiary work until after WW2. The works were sold to S.P. Austin & Son Ltd in 1946/7 and used for subsidiary outfitting works. In 1964 the works were changed to a builder's merchants. It was reduced to its present size in the early 1980s.
Site Name
Scotia Marine Engineering Works
Site Type: Specific
Marine Engineering Works
HER Number
5442
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 5442 >> Pers. Comm. J. Clayson, 1995, The Scotia Engine Works
I. Ayris, 1995, Graham's Building, St. Peter's Riverside, Site of former Scotia Marine Site History & inspection of surviving structures
Milburn & Miller, 1990, Sunderland - River, Town, People, p 41
L. A. Ritchie, 1992, The Shipbuilding Industry - A Guide to Historical Records
University of Newcastle, Shipbuilding History Project & records of William Allan & Co. Ltd, Department of Marine Technology
YEAR1
2003
English, British
Class
Monument <By Form>
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
04
District
N Tyneside
Easting
427600
Grid ref figure
6
Map Sheet
NZ27SE
MONTH1
6
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
573000
General Period
PREHISTORIC
Specific Period
Iron Age -800 to 43
Place
Burradon
Description
Beehive quern (iron age/Romano-British) found in garden at Burradon Farm in May 1997.
Site Type: Broad
Findspot
SITEDESC
Beehive quern (iron age/Romano-British) found in garden at Burradon Farm by D. Heslop in May 1997.
Site Name
Burradon, beehive quern
Site Type: Specific
Beehive Quern
HER Number
5441
Form of Evidence
Find
Sources
<< HER 5441 >> Pers. Comm. D. Heslop, 1997
YEAR1
2003
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
27
District
Newcastle
Easting
416500
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
World Wars
Map Sheet
NZ16NE
MONTH1
5
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
565400
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
Second World War 1939 to 1945
Place
Newburn
Description
Pillbox of WW2 origin.
SITEASS
The pillbox is the most familiar type of C20 defensive building. Sometimes referred to as defence posts, blockhouses or police posts. Concrete pillboxes were first used by the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War. The concept was copied by the Germans in WW1 and later by the British. The majority of WW2 pillboxes were associated with beach defences, stop-lines and nodal points. Some were sited to defend coastal batteries, airfields, radar stations and factories. More than 18,000 were built during 1940. In June 1940 branch FW3 of the War Office Directorate of Fortifications and Works issued designs for about a dozen standard pillboxes. In practice a multiplicity of designs arose. However most pillboxes consist of a basic squat, heavily constructed building, usually flat-roofed, no more than 1.98m high and quadrilateral, polygonal or circular in plan. There were one or two entrances, sometimes protected by a porch or wall. They all have a series of horizontal slits (firing loops, loopholes or embrasures) to provide interlocking fields of fire over the anticipated direction of attack. Most pillboxes were designed for rifles or light machine guns. More heavily armed examples had Vickers machine guns, anti-tank guns or Hotchkiss guns. Pillbox walls are almost invariably of concrete, sometimes with brick shuttering or stone facing {Defence of Britain Handbook, 1995, pp 79-82}.
Site Type: Broad
Fortification
SITEDESC
Pillbox
Site Name
Newburn, pillbox
Site Type: Specific
Pillbox
HER Number
5440
Form of Evidence
Demolished Building
Sources
<< HER 5440 >> A. Rudd, of Wartime Defences in Tyne and Wear - typed list
YEAR1
2003
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
27
District
Sunderland
Easting
433900
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
World Wars
Map Sheet
NZ35NW
MONTH1
5
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
555100
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
Second World War 1939 to 1945
Place
Offerton
Description
Pillbox of WW2 origin.
SITEASS
The pillbox is the most familiar type of C20 defensive building. Sometimes referred to as defence posts, blockhouses or police posts. Concrete pillboxes were first used by the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War. The concept was copied by the Germans in WW1 and later by the British. The majority of WW2 pillboxes were associated with beach defences, stop-lines and nodal points. Some were sited to defend coastal batteries, airfields, radar stations and factories. More than 18,000 were built during 1940. In June 1940 branch FW3 of the War Office Directorate of Fortifications and Works issued designs for about a dozen standard pillboxes. In practice a multiplicity of designs arose. However most pillboxes consist of a basic squat, heavily constructed building, usually flat-roofed, no more than 1.98m high and quadrilateral, polygonal or circular in plan. There were one or two entrances, sometimes protected by a porch or wall. They all have a series of horizontal slits (firing loops, loopholes or embrasures) to provide interlocking fields of fire over the anticipated direction of attack. Most pillboxes were designed for rifles or light machine guns. More heavily armed examples had Vickers machine guns, anti-tank guns or Hotchkiss guns. Pillbox walls are almost invariably of concrete, sometimes with brick shuttering or stone facing {Defence of Britain Handbook, 1995, pp 79-82}.
Site Type: Broad
Fortification
SITEDESC
Pillbox
Site Name
Offerton, pillbox
Site Type: Specific
Pillbox
HER Number
5439
Form of Evidence
Demolished Building
Sources
<< HER 5439 >> A. Rudd, of Wartime Defences in Tyne and Wear - typed list
YEAR1
2003
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
27
District
Sunderland
Easting
435200
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
World Wars
Map Sheet
NZ35NE
MONTH1
5
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
555900
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
Second World War 1939 to 1945
Place
Pennywell
Description
Pillbox of WW2 origin.
SITEASS
The pillbox is the most familiar type of C20 defensive building. Sometimes referred to as defence posts, blockhouses or police posts. Concrete pillboxes were first used by the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War. The concept was copied by the Germans in WW1 and later by the British. The majority of WW2 pillboxes were associated with beach defences, stop-lines and nodal points. Some were sited to defend coastal batteries, airfields, radar stations and factories. More than 18,000 were built during 1940. In June 1940 branch FW3 of the War Office Directorate of Fortifications and Works issued designs for about a dozen standard pillboxes. In practice a multiplicity of designs arose. However most pillboxes consist of a basic squat, heavily constructed building, usually flat-roofed, no more than 1.98m high and quadrilateral, polygonal or circular in plan. There were one or two entrances, sometimes protected by a porch or wall. They all have a series of horizontal slits (firing loops, loopholes or embrasures) to provide interlocking fields of fire over the anticipated direction of attack. Most pillboxes were designed for rifles or light machine guns. More heavily armed examples had Vickers machine guns, anti-tank guns or Hotchkiss guns. Pillbox walls are almost invariably of concrete, sometimes with brick shuttering or stone facing {Defence of Britain Handbook, 1995, pp 79-82}.
Site Type: Broad
Fortification
SITEDESC
Pillbox
Site Name
Pennywell, pillbox
Site Type: Specific
Pillbox
HER Number
5438
Form of Evidence
Demolished Building
Sources
<< HER 5438 >> A. Rudd, of Wartime Defences in Tyne and Wear - typed list
YEAR1
2003
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
27
District
Gateshead
Easting
428400
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
World Wars
Map Sheet
NZ26SE
MONTH1
5
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
562400
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
Second World War 1939 to 1945
Place
Heworth
Description
Pillbox of WW2 origin.
SITEASS
The pillbox is the most familiar type of C20 defensive building. Sometimes referred to as defence posts, blockhouses or police posts. Concrete pillboxes were first used by the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War. The concept was copied by the Germans in WW1 and later by the British. The majority of WW2 pillboxes were associated with beach defences, stop-lines and nodal points. Some were sited to defend coastal batteries, airfields, radar stations and factories. More than 18,000 were built during 1940. In June 1940 branch FW3 of the War Office Directorate of Fortifications and Works issued designs for about a dozen standard pillboxes. In practice a multiplicity of designs arose. However most pillboxes consist of a basic squat, heavily constructed building, usually flat-roofed, no more than 1.98m high and quadrilateral, polygonal or circular in plan. There were one or two entrances, sometimes protected by a porch or wall. They all have a series of horizontal slits (firing loops, loopholes or embrasures) to provide interlocking fields of fire over the anticipated direction of attack. Most pillboxes were designed for rifles or light machine guns. More heavily armed examples had Vickers machine guns, anti-tank guns or Hotchkiss guns. Pillbox walls are almost invariably of concrete, sometimes with brick shuttering or stone facing {Defence of Britain Handbook, 1995, pp 79-82}.
Site Type: Broad
Fortification
SITEDESC
Pillbox
Site Name
Heworth, pillbox
Site Type: Specific
Pillbox
HER Number
5437
Form of Evidence
Demolished Building
Sources
<< HER 5437 >> A. Rudd, of Wartime Defences in Tyne and Wear - typed list
YEAR1
2003
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
27
District
N Tyneside
Easting
428000
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
World Wars
Map Sheet
NZ26NE
MONTH1
5
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
568300
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
Second World War 1939 to 1945
Place
Longbenton
Description
Pillbox of WW2 origin.
SITEASS
The pillbox is the most familiar type of C20 defensive building. Sometimes referred to as defence posts, blockhouses or police posts. Concrete pillboxes were first used by the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War. The concept was copied by the Germans in WW1 and later by the British. The majority of WW2 pillboxes were associated with beach defences, stop-lines and nodal points. Some were sited to defend coastal batteries, airfields, radar stations and factories. More than 18,000 were built during 1940. In June 1940 branch FW3 of the War Office Directorate of Fortifications and Works issued designs for about a dozen standard pillboxes. In practice a multiplicity of designs arose. However most pillboxes consist of a basic squat, heavily constructed building, usually flat-roofed, no more than 1.98m high and quadrilateral, polygonal or circular in plan. There were one or two entrances, sometimes protected by a porch or wall. They all have a series of horizontal slits (firing loops, loopholes or embrasures) to provide interlocking fields of fire over the anticipated direction of attack. Most pillboxes were designed for rifles or light machine guns. More heavily armed examples had Vickers machine guns, anti-tank guns or Hotchkiss guns. Pillbox walls are almost invariably of concrete, sometimes with brick shuttering or stone facing {Defence of Britain Handbook, 1995, pp 79-82}.
Site Type: Broad
Fortification
SITEDESC
Pillbox
Site Name
Longbenton, pillbox
Site Type: Specific
Pillbox
HER Number
5436
Form of Evidence
Demolished Building
Sources
<< HER 5436 >> A. Rudd, of Wartime Defences in Tyne and Wear - typed list
YEAR1
2003
English, British
Class
Defence
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
27
District
N Tyneside
Easting
427900
Grid ref figure
6
HISTORY_TOPIC
World Wars
Map Sheet
NZ26NE
MONTH1
5
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
568500
General Period
20TH CENTURY
Specific Period
Second World War 1939 to 1945
Place
Longbenton
Description
Pillbox of WW2 origin.
SITEASS
The pillbox is the most familiar type of C20 defensive building. Sometimes referred to as defence posts, blockhouses or police posts. Concrete pillboxes were first used by the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War. The concept was copied by the Germans in WW1 and later by the British. The majority of WW2 pillboxes were associated with beach defences, stop-lines and nodal points. Some were sited to defend coastal batteries, airfields, radar stations and factories. More than 18,000 were built during 1940. In June 1940 branch FW3 of the War Office Directorate of Fortifications and Works issued designs for about a dozen standard pillboxes. In practice a multiplicity of designs arose. However most pillboxes consist of a basic squat, heavily constructed building, usually flat-roofed, no more than 1.98m high and quadrilateral, polygonal or circular in plan. There were one or two entrances, sometimes protected by a porch or wall. They all have a series of horizontal slits (firing loops, loopholes or embrasures) to provide interlocking fields of fire over the anticipated direction of attack. Most pillboxes were designed for rifles or light machine guns. More heavily armed examples had Vickers machine guns, anti-tank guns or Hotchkiss guns. Pillbox walls are almost invariably of concrete, sometimes with brick shuttering or stone facing {Defence of Britain Handbook, 1995, pp 79-82}.
Site Type: Broad
Fortification
SITEDESC
Pillbox
Site Name
Longbenton, pillbox
Site Type: Specific
Pillbox
HER Number
5435
Form of Evidence
Demolished Building
Sources
<< HER 5435 >> A. Rudd, of Wartime Defences in Tyne and Wear - typed list