English, British
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Truman L.P.H
DAY1
18
District
Sunderland
Easting
434840
EASTING2
0
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35NW
MONTH1
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
556330
NORTHING2
0
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
South Hylton
Description
Historic Ordnance Survey map evidence shows a Furnace and Smithy in close proximity to each other.
SITEASS
The smithy or forge was the workplace of a blacksmith or ironsmith, where iron was worked into useful objects such as weapons, armour in the Middle Ages and locks, hinges, spades and tools, iron horseshoes (machine-made horseshoes were introduced from USA in 1870s), grilles, gates, railings, metal parts for locomotives, coaches, waggons and carts. The blacksmith's raw material was wrought iron in bar form. The smithy comprised a hearth, bellows, anvil and bosh (quenching trough). A small forge had hand-operated bellows, a large industrial forge water-powered bellows, power hammer and shears (William Jones, 1996, Dictionary of Industrial Archaeology).
Site Type: Broad
Metal Industry Site
SITEDESC
A Furnace and Smithy in close proximity to each other.
Site Name
South Hylton, Furnace and Smithy
Site Type: Specific
Blacksmiths Workshop
HER Number
2656
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 2656 >> 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map, c.1855, 6 inch scale, Durham, 7
YEAR1
1994
English, British
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Truman L.P.H
Crossref
2654
DAY1
18
District
Sunderland
Easting
434850
EASTING2
0
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35NW
MONTH1
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
556540
NORTHING2
0
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
South Hylton
Description
On the 1st edition Ordnance Survey plan this furnace appears to be shown as a circular structure. It is not known what type of furnace this was, but it may have been associated with another nearby smithy (HER ref. 2654).
Site Type: Broad
Furnace
SITEDESC
Furnace; the type is unclear. On the 1st edition OS mapping it appears to be shown as a circular structure. It may have been associated with nearby furnace SMR 2654.
Site Name
South Hylton, Furnace
Site Type: Specific
Furnace
HER Number
2655
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 2655 >> 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map, c.1855, 6 inch scale, Durham, 7
YEAR1
1994
English, British
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Truman L.P.H
Crossref
2655
DAY1
18
District
Sunderland
Easting
434830
EASTING2
0
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35NW
MONTH1
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
556550
NORTHING2
0
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
South Hylton
Description
Historic Ordnance Survey Map evidence shows the location of a Smithy, possibly associated with the nearby furnace (HER ref. 2655).
SITEASS
The smithy or forge was the workplace of a blacksmith or ironsmith, where iron was worked into useful objects such as weapons, armour in the Middle Ages and locks, hinges, spades and tools, iron horseshoes (machine-made horseshoes were introduced from USA in 1870s), grilles, gates, railings, metal parts for locomotives, coaches, waggons and carts. The blacksmith's raw material was wrought iron in bar form. The smithy comprised a hearth, bellows, anvil and bosh (quenching trough). A small forge had hand-operated bellows, a large industrial forge water-powered bellows, power hammer and shears (William Jones, 1996, Dictionary of Industrial Archaeology).
Site Type: Broad
Metal Industry Site
SITEDESC
Smithy, possibly associated with the nearby furnace, SMR 2655.
Site Name
South Hylton, Smithy
Site Type: Specific
Blacksmiths Workshop
HER Number
2654
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 2654 >> 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map, c.1855, 6 inch scale, Durham, 7
YEAR1
1994
English, British
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Truman L.P.H
COMP2
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
18
DAY2
03
District
Sunderland
Easting
434880
EASTING2
0
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35NW
MONTH1
7
MONTH2
1
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
556650
NORTHING2
0
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Hanoverian 1714 to 1837
Place
South Hylton
Description
The Copperas Works were established in circa 1750. A reservoir, probably associated with it is shown on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey plan just to the south-west of the works
SITEASS
Copperas is iron sulphate, resulting from atmospheric oxidation and decomposition of iron pyrites found in coal measures. When heated, oil of vitriol (concentrated sulphuric acid) is produced, which was used as a mordant in the dyeing industry in the eighteenth century and for making ink. Copperas was used from the mid C18 to late C19 in the Leblanc process for making soda. Its use declined when better ways of making sulphuric acid were discovered, when synthetic dyes were introduced and when the Solvay Process superseded the Leblanc (William Jones, 1996, Dictionary of Industrial Archaeology).
Site Type: Broad
Chemical Industry Site
SITEDESC
Copperas Works, on the 1st edition OS mapping there was a reservoir, probably just to the south west of the works, which was probably associated with it. Its precise location, however, was unclear. The Copperas Works were established in circa 1750.
Site Name
South Hylton, Copperas Works
Site Type: Specific
Copperas Works
HER Number
2653
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 2653 >> 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map, c.1855, 6 inch scale, Durham, 7
Clay, Miller & Milburn, 1984, An Eye Plan of Sunderland and Bishopwearmouth, p 47
YEAR1
1994
YEAR2
2002
English, British
Class
Maritime
COMP1
Truman L.P.H
DAY1
18
District
Sunderland
Easting
434940
EASTING2
0
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35NW
MONTH1
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
556800
NORTHING2
0
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
South Hylton
Description
Historic Ordnance Survey map evidence shows a Boat Yard at this location.
Site Type: Broad
Marine Construction Site
SITEDESC
Boat Yard.
Site Name
South Hylton, Boat Yard
Site Type: Specific
Boat Yard
HER Number
2652
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 2652 >> 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map, c.1855, 6 inch scale, Durham, 7
YEAR1
1994
English, British
Class
Maritime
COMP1
Truman L.P.H
COMP2
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
18
DAY2
03
District
Sunderland
Easting
435160
EASTING2
0
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35NE
MONTH1
7
MONTH2
4
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
557030
NORTHING2
0
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
South Hylton
Description
A shipbuilding yard is shown on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey plan as an irregularly shaped yard, running into an inturn in the valley edge on the north side of South Hylton. The Leopard public house projects into the yard from the north. Other than two very small structures on the northern boundary of the yard and a crane, no facilities are shown. By the time of the Second Edition Ordnance Survey plan the yard had closed.
Site Type: Broad
Marine Construction Site
SITEDESC
The Leopard Shipbuilding Yard, South Hylton. A shipbuilding yard is shown on the First Edition Ordnance Survey towards the northern edge of the settlement of South Hylton. The Leopard public house projects into the yard from the north. Other than two very small structures on the northern boundary of the yard and a crane, no facilities are shown. By the time of the Second Edition Survey the yard had closed, with the area largely remaining as an open site. On the First Edition an irregularly shaped yard, running into an inturn in the valley edge, is shown in the northern part of the settlement of South Hylton. The Leopard PH projects into the yard from the north. Few internal features are shown within the yard other than two small structures on the northern flank and a crane. On the Second Edition the yard has closed. The site remains open apart from the development of the range of minor buildings noted in the description of the First Edition Survey and the formation of a boundary around these buildings {3}.
Site Name
South Hylton, The Leopard Shipbuilding Yard
Site Type: Specific
Shipyard
HER Number
2651
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 2651 >> 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map, c.1855, 6 inch scale, Durham, 7
The Archaeological Practice, 2002, Shipbuilding on Tyne and Wear - Prehistory to Present. Tyne & Wear Historic Environment Record.
2nd edition Ordnance Survey map, 1896
YEAR1
1994
YEAR2
2002
English, British
Class
Maritime
COMP1
Truman L.P.H
COMP2
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
18
DAY2
03
District
Sunderland
Easting
435010
EASTING2
0
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35NE
MONTH1
7
MONTH2
4
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
556850
NORTHING2
0
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
South Hylton
Description
The First Edition Ordnance Survey map shows a rectilinear tidal dock and associated yard is on the southern side of the River Wear towards the centre of South Hylton. The area is not described as a shipbuilding yard, although it contains the facilities often associated with the industry: 2 saw pits, a smithy and a crane. It may have acted solely as a repair yard. On the Second Edition Ordnance Survey map the yard has expanded and includes definitive evidence for its use as a shipyard; a patent slipway running obliquely across the site to launch downriver. A number of new buildings lie on the southern edge of the slip and the tidal dock has gone. The southern extent of the site is unclear and may now include the building which was formerly the Golden Lion public house.
Site Type: Broad
Marine Construction Site
SITEDESC
High Ford Dock. A large stone quay can still be visible at NZ 350 567 - part of this dock? {2}. A shipbuilding/repair yard at South Hylton was in use from at least the middle of the nineteenth century and up to the end of the century. Unlike most of the Hylton yards, it was developed over the second half of the nineteenth century when a patent slipway was installed. Map Evidence:
on the First Edition a rectilinear tidal dock and associated yard is shown on the southern side of the River Wear towards the centre of the settlement of South Hylton. The area is not described as a shipbuilding yard, although it contains the facilities often associated with the industry; saw pits (two), a smithy and a crane. It may have acted solely as a repair yard. On the Second Edition the yard has now expanded and includes definitive evidence for its use as a shipyard; a patent slipway running obliquely across the site to launch downriver. These slipways were generally associated with repair work rather than construction. A number of new buildings lie on the southern edge of the slip and the tidal dock has gone. The southern extent of the site is unclear and may now include the building which was formerly the Golden Lion public house {3}.
Site Name
South Hylton, High Ford Dock
Site Type: Specific
Shipyard
HER Number
2650
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 2650 >> 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map, c.1855, 6 inch scale, Durham, 7
Tyne and Wear Industrial Monuments Trust, 1978, Sites of interest in River Wear plan area
The Archaeological Practice, 2002, Shipbuilding on Tyne and Wear - Prehistory to Present. Tyne & Wear Historic Environment Record.
1st edition Ordnance Survey map, 1896 map
YEAR1
1994
YEAR2
2002
English, British
Class
Transport
COMP1
Truman L.P.H
Crossref
3018
DAY1
26
District
Sunderland
Easting
430920
EASTING2
0
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35SW
MONTH1
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
553720
NORTHING2
0
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
Fatfield
Description
Beamish Staiths were possibly originally a terminus of the Beamish Wagonway (HER ref. 2562). On the 1st edition Ordnance Survey plan the staiths seem to be connected to the Fatfield Wagonway (HER ref. 3018), but this is not clear.
Site Type: Broad
Water Transport Site
SITEDESC
Beamish Staiths. Possibly originally a terminus of the Beamish Wagonway, (SMR 2562), these staiths seem to be connected to the Fatfield Wagonway, (SMR 3018), on the 1st edition OS mapping, but this is not clear.
Site Name
Fatfield, Beamish Staiths
Site Type: Specific
Staith
HER Number
2649
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 2649 >> 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map, c.1855, 6 inch scale, Durham, 13
YEAR1
1994
English, British
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Truman L.P.H
DAY1
18
District
Sunderland
Easting
435110
EASTING2
0
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35NE
MONTH1
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
556810
NORTHING2
0
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
South Hylton
Description
This quarry is marked as ‘Old’ on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey plan, so was probably out of use by 1857. Its precise extent is unclear.
Site Type: Broad
Mineral Extraction Site
SITEDESC
Quarry, marked as Old on the 1st edition OS mapping, so was probably out of use by 1857. The precise limits unclear on the 6" mapping.
Site Name
South Hylton, Quarry
Site Type: Specific
Quarry
HER Number
2648
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 2648 >> 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map, c.1855, 6 inch scale, Durham, 7
YEAR1
1994
English, British
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Truman L.P.H
DAY1
18
District
Sunderland
Easting
435150
EASTING2
0
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35NE
MONTH1
7
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
556780
NORTHING2
0
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
South Hylton
Description
A brick field is marked on early Ordnance Survey maps.
Site Type: Broad
Brick and Tilemaking Site
SITEDESC
Brickfield. 1861
Site Name
South Hylton, brickfield
Site Type: Specific
Brickfield
HER Number
2647
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 2647 >> 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map, c.1855, 6 inch scale, Durham, 7
YEAR1
1994